The Study Of Relationship Between Social-psychological Hassles And Health In Different People

BackgroundsHassles,the major kind of stressors which are come from specific occupation or population,have a negative effect on the health and harmony of individuals.The present study focused on three social-psychological hassles,including procrastination of medical students,job burnout of bank employees and stigma of HIV-infected patients.The study aims to explore the relationship between social-psychological hassles and health and their related factors.Aims(1)Study 1 aimed to explore the relationship between procrastination,perceived stress,saliva alpha-amylase(sAA)levels.(2)Study 2 aimed to explore occupational stress on job burnout among bank employees in Pakistan.(3)Study 3 examined the treatment motivation,coping,stigma,and disclosure in 300 HIV-infected patients in Pakistan.Methods(1)Study 1:The study included 140 Chinese first-year medical students(MBBS)aged 18-22 years.Assessments included the Procrastination Assessment Scale-Students(PASS),the Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale(PSS),saliva alpha-amylase level(sAA),and the Chinese version of the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran(EMBU)which assesses parenting style.PSS and sAA levels were assessed at week 1(baseline),then again at week 2 and week 4.(2)Study 2:Cross-sectional studies,including 1778 bank employees,were made in various banks in different cities of Pakistan.An adapted questionnaire,including the Effort-reward Imbalance Scale,Psychological Capital,and Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey was used to collect data from male and female bank employees.(3)Study 3:Four validation scales including Treatment Motivation Questionnaire,Coping Strategies Inventory,Stigma Scale and Emotional Self Disclosure Scale were applied to assess treatment motivation,coping strategies,stigma and disclosure of 300 HIV-infected patients in Pakistan.Results(1)The results of study 1 showed that male students reported higher levels of procrastination and perceived stress reactions than their female counterparts.Male students reported experiencing higher punishing/severe and rejecting(i.e.negative)parenting styles,while female students reported experiencing higher warm and affectionate(i.e.positive)parenting styles.Positive parenting styles were negatively associated with procrastination and stress reactions,while negative parenting styles were positively associated with procrastination and delayed stress reactions among MBBS students.(2)The results of study 2 showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between extrinsic effort and over-commitment on the one hand,and emotional exhaustion and depersonalization on the other.It also found that the reward was negatively associated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization.However,reward had a positive association with personal accomplishment.There was a gender difference in the mediating effect of psychological capital on stress at work and job burnout.(3)The results of study 3 showed that female patients had significantly higher levels of stigma and disclosure than male patients.Unmarried patients had significantly higher levels of stigma and disclosure than married patients.Moreover,the treatment motivation significantly positively correlated with coping strategies and self-disclosure.Stigma significantly negatively correlated with coping strategies but significantly positively correlated with disclosure.Stigma,self-disclose,and coping style could predicate the treatment motivation.Conclusions(1)Procrastination induced stress in MBBS students.Negative parenting styles,such as being punishing and rejecting,had a positive correlation with procrastination.(2)Male attitudes to work tend to be motivated by reward and appreciation,whereas females tend to demand a better working environment.To reduce job burnout,suitable interventions could be introduced for bank employees,while management support plays an important role in increasing or decreasing stress in employees.(3)Female and unmarried patients with HIV positive had more stigma and disclosure.Coping strategies,stigma,and disclosure affect the treatment motivation of patients with HIV positive.