| Jiaodong peninsula is located on the east coast of Shandong province,covering Qingdao,Yantai and Weihai.The east,north and south of the Jiaodong peninsula are surrounded by sea.Jiaodong peninsula has always been the frontier area of Taoist development.As early as the Spring and Autumn period,Warring States period,Qin and Han dynasties,it gathered a large number of Fangshi who were seeking immortals,and profoundly influenced the formation of Fangxian Taoism and Huanglao Taoism in this area.The low hilly areas of the peninsula,such as Laoshan Mountain,Kunyu Mountain,Luoshan Mountain,Daze Mountain,Aishan Mountain,Weide Mountain,Tiecha Mountain,Mashan Mountain,Chengshan Mountain and so on,have always been the focus of Taoist activities.Since Jin dynasty,Neidan Quanzhen School became the mainstream sect,Laoshan and Kunyu mountain became the center of Taoism activity.The formation of Taoism in Jiaodong peninsula is deeply influenced by marine culture,and the Taoism is dominated by the Neidan Quanzhen School.Therefore,this paper is of great significance for exploring the landscape characteristics of Taoism in the coastal mountainous areas and the environment characteristics of the Neidan Quanzhen School.In this study,literature analysis,fieldwork,interdisciplinary study and graphic demonstration are used as the main research methods.The background exploration and basic analysis are mainly based on the literature analysis,and the research on temples environment at various scales is mainly based on the fieldwork,interdisciplinary study,and graphic demonstration.The research content of this paper includes four parts.First of all,the introduction and research background.Secondly,it summarizes the natural landscape and geographical environment characteristics of Jiaodong peninsula,sorts out the historical development of Taoism and temples in Jiaodong peninsula,At the same time,it clarifies the important position of Jiaodong peninsula in the history of Taoism,as well as the characteristics of Taoist Schools in Jiaodong peninsula.Furthermore,the paper analyzes the environmental spatial characteristics of Taoist temple in low hilly areas of Jiaodong peninsula from macro to micro.Macroscopically,it is found that the overall layout of temples shows the characteristics of "Dual Nuclear Scattered Spots,Inclined to Sea",and has three modes of "Fengshui Gathering","Oceanic Fairyland" and "Oceanic Xianshan".The natural environment of the site location of temples shows the characteristics of "Three-point Law","Inclined to Tributary","Inclined to Light" and "Avoiding Rigid Wind".The landscape combination around the site has 7 kinds of "Environmental Units" and 6 kinds of "Taoist Cultural Characteristics".In the meso study,it is found that the landscape sequence of temples environment has the three realms of"Precepts,Determinations and Wisdom",which is quite similar to the scene and space painted in Neidan classic "Neijing Tu".The microscopic study found that the structure and space of the courtyard of temples have the characteristics of "Respect First","Four Immortals Pattern","Gradual Focus" and "Yin-Yang".Finally,through the above research results,the paper puts forward the principles and countermeasures for the protection and development of Taoist temples and environment in low hilly areas of Jiaodong peninsula.On the whole,from the perspective of landscape architecture,combined with Taoist theory,this paper deeply analyzes the origin of Taoist mountains,arrangement of Taoist temples,historical evolution,general layout,location feature,landscape sequence feature and garden space feature.It summarizes the reasons for the formation of Taoist temple group in low hilly areas of Jiaodong peninsula,and the spatial characteristics of the temple landscape architecture environment from macro to micro.Through the above studies,it is found that the construction of temples and environment space is closely related to Taoist philosophy and shows regional characteristics.From macro to micro perspective,the environment space of the temples can be divided into Big Juju,Medium Juju,Small Juju and Mini Juju according to Fengshui theory.In these four scales,the temples tend to located in the ideal environment advocated by geomantic omen in the corresponding scale.The environment spatial characteristics of the temples under different Fengshui Juju show the subtle relationship with other regional Taoist theories and cultures.Under the scale of Fengshui Big and Medium Juju,the layout and site selection of the temples are closely related to the ancient immortal culture of Qi dynasty.Under the scale of Fengshui Small Juju,the site selection and landscape sequence of the temples show the relevance with Quanzhen Taoist culture and Neidan theory.Under the scale of Fengshui Mini Juju,the pattern of temples is closely related to the Quanzhen Taoist organizational culture.In addition,the siting and environment space of temples at various scales all show the characteristics of being inclined to the ocean.The innovation points of this paper are as follows:(1)Research results innovation--integrating the content of history,religion,geography,geomorphology,meteorology and other disciplines to establish the research system of mountain religious and cultural landscape in Jiaodong peninsula,excavating the "ocean" features of Taoist culture landscape in the coastal mountains of the peninsula to fill the research gap.(2)Research perspective innovation--taking the overall geomorphic regionalization as the research scope,the environment space of Taoist temples is analyzed from the four dimensions of Big,Medium,Small and Mini Fengshui Juju,which is divided from Fengshui theory.(3)Research method innovation--Landscape architecture and Fengshui theory intersect to generate the 4-level stratification of temples environment space--4 "Juju";Through the method of"Concept Splitting and Quantitative Analysis",the paper analyzes the natural environment characteristics of temples layout and site selection from multiple indexes and angles. |
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