| World natural heritage sites are both treasure houses of scientific research and tourist attractions.What changes do large numbers of tourists bring to original appearance and surroundings of heritage sites? What are the effects of tourism development on the cultural landscape of the natives in heritage sites? How do administrators quantify and define the effectiveness and perspectiveness of their protective measures? These problems focus on the man-earth relationship impact of unusual environment brought by the rapid growth of tourists.There are also common problems to the development of the world natural heritage sites in developing countries.Because of the impact between the protection of Authenticity and Integrity of world natural heritage sites and tourism development,three aspects of problems are needed to be solved urgently:(1)How to describe the impact elements among the representation of authenticity,integrity and tourist activities of world natural heritage sites and carry out characteristic analysis;(2)It is difficult to extract uniformly the multi-scale differences of conflict elements in the World Natural Heritage Sites;(3)Lack of the evaluation model of the impact elements of world natural heritage sites.In order to solve these scientific problems,using remote sensing technology and combining human geography,landscape ecology,tourism studies and other fields of knowledge to carry out fusion research,this paper proposes a remote sensing based method of impact element extraction and the analysis of change of world natural heritage sites and establishes an evaluation model;taking Jiuzhaigou as an example,develop empirical application,providing scientific decision-making basis for solving the impact between the authenticity and integrity protection of world natural heritage sites and tourism development.The main research work of this paper includes:(1)Aiming at cultural resource of representing authenticity,natural resource of representing integrity and tourist activities of representing tourism development of world natural heritage sites,based on the heterogeneous symbiosis theory,the analytic hierarchy process is used to integrate the knowledge of World Heritage Convention,human geography,landscape ecology,tourism studies and other fields,and the classification definition of impact elements of world natural heritage sites based on remote sensing is proposed.In view of the limitation of cultural resource expression in remote sensing images,the main material carrier of cultural resource i.e.,cultural landscape,is selected as the authenticity element.According to the characteristics of tourist activities,the tourist a priori knowledge with one-time investment are selected to build tourist service facilities without major changes as the tourist activity elements.In order to achieve the full use of multiband remote sensing combination feature information associated with the evaluation model at a later stage,combined with the characteristics of the research area: 2004 cultural landscape belongs to the small-scale landscape pattern and 2004 integrity characterization element belongs to the midscale landscape pattern,the interpretation of high-resolution remote-sensing images and environmental remote-sensing images respectively.In the end,the characteristics of the tourist activities including unified under the midscale landscape pattern are described.(2)In view of the scale differences of landscape patterns of impact elements in world natural heritage sites,a method of multi-source remote sensing change analysis considering a priori knowledge is proposed.The method includes three parts of impact elements: 1.extracting the change information of cultural landscape features of smallscale landscape pattern by object-oriented multi-scale segmentation based on highresolution images;2.extracting the change information of the characteristics of heritage integrity elements of midscale landscape pattern after environmental images were used for classification and comparison;3.combined with a prior knowledge and field investigation,describing the changes of elements including tourist activities unified under the midscale landscape pattern.(3)Integrating the knowledge of human geography,landscape ecology,tourism studies and other fields,a remote sensing based evaluation model of impact elements in world natural heritage sites was established.On the basis of related knowledge of system elements,the elements and mathematical models of the cultural landscape holding volume,visit heat,visit transportation heat were put forward,the elements and mathematical models of the activity intensity of aborigines,the activity intensity of human tourism and tourist economy were designed,the habitat biological abundance and digital elevation model elements were introduced,corresponding multiband remote sensing combination images were associated and the normalization method and method of weighting were used to construct the element image combination of each weight proportion,forming the evaluation model of impact elements of world natural heritage sites.(4)Taking Jiuzhaigou,a world natural heritage site as an example,based on the evaluation model of the impact elements of the heritage sites constructed in the paper,the evaluation and classification of the class area is generated.Its transfer change characteristics are: first,the representing authenticity areas of Jiuzhaigou is mainly located in the altitude range of 2072 m to 2665 m.In 2004,it was mainly concentrated on the Buffer Zone of impact elements,accounting for 92.81 % of it,expanding to the Low-impact Zone and the Non-impact Zone of impact elements in 2016,with an annual increase rate of 0.65 %.On the positive side,the representing authenticity area of the impact element in the Buffer Zone decreased by 27.23 %,but on the negative side,in the Sensitive Zone increased by 236.36 %.In particular,it is manifested in a more spatial density,and there will be a limit to extending to the Low-impact Zone of impact elements,or even the Non-impact Zone of impact elements;second,the representing integrity areas of Jiuzhaigou is mainly located in the altitude range of 2037 m to 4855 m,and the High Sensitive Zone of impact elements changes actively,but mainly because of the ice and snow cover.The annual decline rates of impact element in the Buffer Zone,the Low-impact Zone and the Non-impact Zone are 3.45%,1.61% and 1.09%,respectively;third,the representing tourist activities areas of Jiuzhaigou are mainly located in the altitude range of 2036 m to 3223 m.Since there has been no significant change in the 12 years,the change of assessment is reflected in the transfer of the original area in the region classified by the evaluation of impact elements,which in the Sensitive area of impact elements increased from 74.98% in 2004 to 99.29%,almost reaching the maximum limit of the use of tourist facilities.According to the development trend of its growth rate of 2.5858%,2017 will exceed the bearing limit of its tourist facilities and transfer to the High Sensitive Zone of impact elements.The main innovations of the paper include:(1)Based on the theory of heterogeneous symbiosis,the concept of impact elements of world natural heritage sites is proposed.The analytic hierarchy process is used to integrate the knowledge of World Heritage Convention,human geography,landscape ecology,tourism studies and other fields,thematic information on impact elements in natural heritage sites was extracted.(2)In view of the small scale of the authenticity element,the large scale of the integrity element and the long-term non-change of the element of tourist activities of the world natural heritage sites,this paper proposes a natural heritage sit change analysis method that takes into account a priori knowledge and multi-source remote sensing images,achieves a change description of unified scale environments,and breaks through the limitation of the existing methods that are only limited to highresolution image change detection,medium-resolution change detection,and UAV aerial survey change detection and other change analysis of the special fields of world natural heritage sites.(3)The evaluation model of impact elements based on heterogeneous symbiotic spatial relationship is constructed.The model integrated 8 elements and the mathematical model of related knowledge,related many kinds of characteristics of representation indicators and broke through the current situation of usual evaluation model the PSR(Pressure-State-Response)used for a long time for heritage sites.Through the empirical application of the heritage site Jiuzhaigou,the impact and change relationship between authenticity and integrity protection and tourism development were quantitatively interpreted,which provided a basis for scientific decision-making. |
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