A Study On The Welfare Effect Of Land Expropriation From The Perspective Of Farmers' Differentiation

The report of the nineteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era and the main contradiction of society has been transformed into the contradiction between the growing demand for better life and the unbalanced development of the people;put forward for the first time that we need to implement the strategy of rural revitalization,emphasizing the need to seek more people's livelihood and solve the worries of people's livelihood.The"three rural" issues are related to the national economy and the people's livelihood.The implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy means that it is necessary to better solve the problems of inadequate rural development and uneven development of urban and rural areas.It is an important content to solve the major social contradictions in our country,deepen the reform of the rural land system,and make the people's sense of gain,happiness and security more full.Land expropriation is the main way to transform rural collective land into urban construction land.Although the policy of land expropriation compensation has been continuously strengthened along the direction of "farmers' interests are not impaired,and"living standard is not decreasing",there are two constraints of policy making still have not been broken through.First,the land requisition compensation standard is established on the basis of the original agricultural use of land.Secondly,the land acquisition compensation standard is always priced unilaterally by the government.Because the price of land acquisition is subject to the "ceiling price" price regulation,it is not a true reflection of the relationship between supply and demand in the land market.Since the reform and opening up,household differentiation has become a typical feature of rural China.In the framework of the current land expropriation system,the policy performance is not obvious due to the coexistence of policy homogenization and farmers'heterogeneity.In fact,land expropriation has worried most farmers' survival in the near future,and long-term livelihood is concerned.Even though there is no worry in the near future,long-term livelihoods cannot be mentioned.Therefore,how to balance the relationship between the "heterogeneity of farmers,and "homogeneity of policy" is a theoretical and practical problem which needs to be solved in the reform of the land expropriation system in China.Considering the land system based on "household contract system","Household,are the most basic production units in rural areas,and the differentiation of farmers is an unavoidable objective fact.This article holds that "agriculture" and "Household" as a unit to carry out research should be more consistent with China's basic national conditions.In view of this,this paper studies the influence of land expropriation on the change of farmers,welfare,examines the difference law of the welfare changes of different types of farmers,and tries to answer the following three key scientific questions.The first one is that how land expropriation affects the change of farmers' welfare?The second one is that how does the differentiation of farmers lead to the difference in the welfare changes of farmers before and after land expropriation?The third one is that what is the internal relationship between the household income level of different types of farmers and the change of farmers' welfare before and after the land expropriation?Around the above problems,this paper selects the "Wuxiang new area" of Nanning as the research area,which is due to the special geographical location of the region and the first trial in the reform of the land expropriation system,which has formed certain unique experience and regional characteristics.On the thought of research,by constructing the conceptual framework of farmers' feasible capacity,a detailed list of farmers' welfare constitution is formed,and the index system of farmers' welfare evaluation before and after land expropriation is established.Then by digging the characteristic variables of land expropriation and farmers' differentiation,the core explanatory variables are formed,and the other variables that may cause the change of farmers' welfare before and after the land expropriation are taken as the control variables.Thirdly,combined with the results of regression analysis,we discuss the path of Welfare Promotion of the land expropriated farmers.And finally,the full text is summed up and the conclusion is formed.In the research method,the methods of combining normative research and empirical research,qualitative and quantitative research,systematic research and case study,literature research and field investigation are combined.Combined with specific research problems,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method,Hansen regression model method and case analysis method are adopted.The unique research perspective,the systematic research and design,the special geographical location,and the experimental experience of the compensation and resettlement in the research of regional land expropriation show the characteristics of this study.Through theoretical analysis and empirical research,the main conclusions of this paper are summarized as follows.1.Land expropriation has an impact on the welfare of farmers.Despite the slight increase in the total welfare of farmers after land acquisition,the economic situation deteriorated significantly.From the perspective of land expropriation,the definition of "public interest" is vague in China's law,which leads to a wide range of land expropriation.From the perspective of land expropriation procedure,neither the approval procedure nor the implementation procedure lacks the intervention of the third party evaluation institutions.From the land expropriation compensation standard,the land expropriation compensation is not based on the "market price" of land,but the original "agricultural use" of the levy land.This has a direct impact on the economic welfare of the farmers.However,the welfare of farmers is a comprehensive reflection of its economic,social security,living conditions,community environment,social opportunities,psychological factors and other functional activities,including economic welfare,social welfare and ecological welfare.Therefore,the welfare of a certain kind of functional activity before and after the land expropriation is only part of the overall welfare of the farmers,and the change of the welfare of a certain type of farmers is only part of the change of the overall welfare of the farmers.2.Farmers' differentiation leads to the difference of farmers' welfare changes before and after land expropriation.No matter whether the land expropriation compensation policy is the same,the difference of the welfare changes of different types of farmers is objective.The definition of "common interests" is vague,which leads to a wide range of land expropriation.Due to the difference of farmers' differentiation degree,different types of farmers have different degrees of dependence on land.This difference will lead to the difference of the basic functions and functions of farmers,which will lead to the difference of farmers,welfare changes before and after land expropriation.However,the changes of farmers,welfare before and after land acquisition need to be further depicted by pure farmers,farmers ?,farmers ? and non-farmers.The empirical results show that there are great changes in the welfare of different types of farmers before and after land expropriation.No matter whether the land expropriation compensation policy is the same or not,the difference of the welfare changes of different types of farmers before and after land expropriation is objective.3.Among the different types of farmers,the income level of non peasant households has nothing to do with the change of fanners' welfare before and after the land expropriation;the higher the income level of other types of households,the smaller the change of farmers' welfare before and after the land expropriation.For pure farmers and farmers ?,they have lost the advantages of the former low cost life after the land expropriation,and have to face the double risk of survival and development.The higher the family income level,the more difficult it is to improve the welfare level of the farmers after the land expropriation,thus showing a significant negative impact.For farmers ?,land acquisition still guarantees basic life and does not pose much threat to survival.Therefore,the higher the family income level,the smaller the impact on the welfare change of the farmers before and after the land expropriation.For non-farmers,their dependence on land is very low.Land acquisition has not shaken their livelihood and daily expenses.On the contrary,it may prompt them to put more energy into business activities,so as to achieve greater development.Therefore,the change of household welfare before and after land acquisition is almost not affected by family income level.4.The Welfare Promotion of different types of farmers can be realized through differentiated policy design.The realization of land requisition compensation policy"ackage" can alleviate the contradiction between "peasant household heterogeneity" and"policy homogeneity".The land expropriated farmers have diverse demands for welfare,both in production and in life,both in the near future and in the long run.We cannot design different policies for every peasant household,but it is possible to take into account that every type of farmers.The pilot experience of "the Nahuang pattern" tells us that the "policy set" formed by the humanized and differentiated design can alleviate the contradiction between the differentiation of farmers and the homogeneity of policy.In fact,in the compensation and resettlement of land expropriation,"the Nahuang pattern" has optimized the land requisition compensation policy through the introduction of market mechanism,and formed a unique model of "market dominance,farmers' participation and government supervision",which opened the "three wins" situation of developers benefiting,farmers benefiting and government reducing the burden of government,and ensuring different types of farmers'current life and long-term livelihood.