| Marine industry is an important strategic emerging industry,and it is crucial for large cities’development in coastal areas.In recent years,while China’s marine industry grew rapidly,and its structure became more and more complex,this industry is having a big impact on urban spatial development in coastal areas.Shanghai,as an important coastal city and economic center of China,its marine industry promoted the development of the whole city.While Shanghai is now devote to become a world city,it comes important to study on the relationship between marine industry and the city’s development.And spatial distribution of marine industry should play an important role in the development of marine industry and the city.This paper is trying to explain the spatial process of marine industry in Shanghai for over 170 years since 1843,and to explore the influence and mechanism of marine industry layout.Together with the study on the relationship between marine industry and the city,this paper is going to reveal the regular pattern of the marine industry.This paper is divided into eight chapters,which consists of three main parts.Part One is the introduction and analyze on theories of the spatial distribution and evolution of marine industry.Based on the analysis of the traditional location theory,it puts forward the idea that the service industry location theory is in line with the characteristics and mechanism of the spatial distribution of the marine industry.According to the theory of space organization,the marine industry,the port and the city space have some kind of spatial relations.There was a growth pole to promote the development of marine industry in Shanghai after 1843,and in the 21st century the Core periphery theory dominate the spatial distribution of the marine industry.Based on the transaction cost theory and institutional change theory of new institutional economics,this study discusses the possible influence of the above theories in the evolution of marine industry.Combined with the port location theory and take city and port development as the main line to discuss the spatial relationship between port,city and marine industry.Part Two is to analyze the characteristics and mechanism of Shanghai marine industry evolution process during late Qing Dynasty,Republic of China,early liberation and after Reform and Opening-up.During 1840s-1860s Shanghai marine industry has formed basic shape because of the establishment of former Shanghai concession.And the British and French concession in the Bund became the gathering area of modern marine industry.Later,China was forced to open the Yangtze River route after the second Opium War which help to form a growth pole along the Huangpu River for marine industry during 1870s-1880s.At last along the Huangpu River formed a marine industry development zone driven by the rapid development of marine industry after the Sino Japanese war of 1894-1895.Although the domestic environment in the early Republic of China is turbulent,overall,the marine industry showed a relatively slow expansion trend from 1912 to 1918.At the end of the first World War and along with the economic booming in U.S,marine industry in Shanghai continued its rapid growth from 1922 to 1927,and marine industry kept clustering in the British and French concession of the Bund.In 1927-1937,known as the "Golden ten years",marine industry continue to accelerate in the British and French concession of the Bund while it’s slowly expanded into inland Shanghai.During 1937-1941 the marine industry rapidly expanded into the hinterland of Shanghai port despite the Anti Japanese War.But with the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941,the number of marine related companies decline rapidly and all British and American companies withdrawed from the marine industry in Shanghai.During the period of liberation war from 1945 to 1949,the marine industry of Shanghai quickly recovered by the urban industrialization.From 1950s to 1960s the public-private partnerships and nationalization triggered the spatial polarization in Shanghai marine industry and finally lead to "Point layout" of marine industry in Shanghai.After the reform and opening up policy,Shanghai marine industry rapidly recovered from the increasing international relationships,growing exports and the construction of Shanghai international shipping center.Again the marine industry began clustering along the Huangpu River and quickly spread to the whole Shanghai,and the number of marine related enterprises increased to 4432 in 2012.By the construction of Waigaoqiao Port in 1990s,marine industry shifted from Huangpu River to the Yangtze River.And by the construction of Yangshan Deepwater Port in 2000s,marine industry stared shifting to Gulf of Hangzhou Bay.At last marine industry in Shanghai transformed into a "one core,two wings " industrial distribution,which downtown Hongkou,Yangpu,Huangpu district and Lujiazui formed the core and Yangtze River marine industry zone along with Hangzhou Bay Industrial Zone formed two wings.Part Three is the comprehensive analysis on the evolution mechanism of Shanghai marine industry.Through those of four historical periods analyze,I got a few conclusions.Firstly,thespatial distribution of the marine industry is generally applicable to the location of the service industry.Secondly,the growth pole of the Huangpu River increased the evolution of the marine industry and promoted the expansion of urban area of Shanghai.Third,transaction costs play an important role in the layout of the marine industry through reducing information costs,negotiation costs.And enterprises prefer gathering around administrative organization,customs,Lloyds and financial industry to reduce such transaction costs.Fourth,institutional change can affect the distribution of marine industry by reducing transaction costs,improving the efficiency of the allocation and affecting the flow of regional production.Fifth,Shanghai marine industry does not meet the traditional Petty-Clark theorem and has its unique structure.By all conclusions I found 6 mechanisms that influence the evolution of marine industry in Shanghai and form the Patterns of time-space evolution in Shanghai marine industry.Based on the interaction between port and city,marine industry evolves from Huangpu River to Yangtze River and at last along the coastal zone.The interaction between port and city determines the evolution trend of the marine industry.Supply and demand determines the evolution speed of marine industry.War and economic crisis can disturb the development of marine industry.And geographical elements and the transaction cost decide the marine industry’s core location.Finally large shipping companies can attract small ones gathering around and big shipbuilding companies on the contrary will "squeeze" the small ones away from them.By compare Patterns of time-space evolution in Shanghai marine industry to Zheng Hongyi and Gu Zhaolin’s research on Chinese coastal city layout evolution,Wu Chuanjun’s harbour city growth model,Wan Xudong and Mai Xianmin’s port and city spatial trend analysis,Shen Li’s"offshore-T structure" analysis,I found Patterns of time-space evolution can also used in other port city in china.One conclusion is interaction between port and city will dominate the evolution trend of marine industry.In the future port and the city will be separated in space,and downtown city will focus on the core functions of the marine industry,and the port hinterland will bring more marine industry cluster.The new port will become a growth pole of the city,and lead to the development of the urbanization in the new area.Another Conclusion is marine industry distribution is more affected by the service industry location theory and transaction cost theory.The marine industry is mainly affected by the industrial cluster,convenient transportation,information and talents agglomeration,these factors together with the administrative organization and financial industry location determines the marine industry distribution. |
