Impulsivity, Other Related Factors And Therapy Of Smartphone Addiction In College Students

Foreign researchers predict the mobile phone addiction will become one very important kind of non-substance addictions in the 21 st century. The rapid development of smartphone is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it makes our communication more convenient and enriches our daily life. On the other hand smartphone addiction has become one of the very serious social problems.Smartphone addiction affect college students' mental health, such as interpersonal indifference in the real life, loneliness, other negative mood as well as depression and anxiety. Using smartphone will weaken students' motivation and waste learning time,get lost goals. Excessive consumption will encourage the mind of rivalry. It is also easy to cause poor physical fitness, such as insomnia, eye fatigue, thumb disease,cervical spondylopathy. Dangerous use of smartphone even can cause traffic accidents or criminal behavior. From the perspective of behavioral and mental health, the psychosomatic influences of smartphone addiction should be explored in college students. Exploring the effective intervention measurements is one of hot topics in the studies of non-substance addiction.ObjectiveThis study is to explore the current smartphone use situation in college students.Through the revision of Chinese smartphone addiction scale, the smartphone addiction situation, impulsivity, and related factors of smartphone addiction were explored in college students. The short-term comprehensive intervention, mindfulness cognitive-behavioral group therapy, and brief solution-focused therapy were performed to treat smartphone addiction for college students.These studies provide a scientific basis for promoting physical and mental health,to establish reasonable intervention countermeasures of smartphone addiction, to improve the level of health management, to cultivate college students' health consciousness and improve self-control ability.MethodsCluster random sample of 919 college students were surveyed for college students' current situation of smartphone use. Cluster random sample of 1082 and 739 college students were surveyed for revising smartphone addiction scale and exploring smartphone addiction current situation, respectively. In the impulsivity study of smartphone addiction for college student, 86 people were screened to complete the questionnaire and behavior experiments. Cluster random sample of 634 people were surveyed to explore the relationship of smartphone addiction, mobile phone use and reinforcement sensitivity. Cluster random sample of 3623 people were surveyed to explore the relationship of smartphone addiction, impulsivity, loneliness, self-esteem,negative mood and mental health. A random sample of 770 from 3623 people was surveyed to explore the relationship of smartphone addiction, negative mood and sleep quality. A random sample of 1053 from 3623 people was surveyed to explore the relationship of smartphone addiction, loneliness and sleep quality. In the intervention countermeasures study of smartphone addiction for college students, using short-term comprehensive intervention(treatment group had 84 college students and control group had 85 college students), mindfulness cognitive-behavioral group therapy(treatment group and control group had 10 participants respectively) and brief solution-focused therapy(one participant) treated smartphone addiction for college students and evaluated the effect of intervention.Results1. College student smartphone penetration is 100%. Smartphone use average time is 6.06±3.71 hours every day. Smartphone applications among college students in the top five are: instant messaging(95.6%), smartphone music(65.1%),smartphone news(52.7%), blog/personal cyberspace(52.5%) and online shopping and payment(47.9%). The differences are significant between different gender students' smartphone applications. 74.2% of the students play smartphone in class.Only 11.0% of the students reject to check information in class. 34.4% of the students think smartphone affects their studies in class. 82.7% of the students think smartphone is very important in communication. 77.2% of the students use smartphone before they go to bed. 53.0% of the students think excessive smartphone use influence health.2. The revised Chinese smartphone addiction scale(SAS-C) has a total of 12 items and six factors, including daily-life disturbance, positive anticipation,withdrawal, cyberspace oriented relationship, overuse and tolerance. The internal consistency of SAS-C was verified with a Cronbach alpha of 0.83, and test-retest reliability was also high(r=0.83). The SAS-C was significantly correlated with the SAS(p<0.01), the IADQ(p<0.01), and the PCPU-Q(p<0.01) respectively, and fitted the six-factor model of the original SAS well(CFI>0.90, RMSEA<0.06). The higher score indicates the more smartphone addiction. The best threshold is 40 scores in smartphone addiction scale screen for college students. The screen rate of college students' smartphone addiction was 38.6%. Vocational students showed significant higher daily-life disturbance, positive anticipation and SAS-C total score than those of college students. Males showed significant higher cyberspace oriented relationship than females.3. The scores of attentional impulsiveness, non-planning impulsiveness,behavioral inhibition and total scores of Barratt impulsiveness in the smartphone addicts of college students are significant higher than non-addicts(P<0.05). The reaction time and correct ratio of addicts in the Go/Nogo task have no statistically significant difference with non-addicts(P>0.05). In delay discount task, the addicts have statistically significant with non-addicts in delay 1 day & 200 M flow and delay90 days & 200 M flow(P<0.05). In delay 200 M and 2000 M level, the area under the curve AUC of the addicts have not significant difference with non-addicts(P>0.05).There are no significant correlation among smartphone addiction, impulsive reaction behavior and impulsive choice behavior. But attentional impulsiveness, non-planning impulsiveness, behavioral inhibition and total scores of Barratt impulsiveness are significant correlation with smartphone addiction.4. Multiple regression analysis shows that the factors including that playing smartphone in class to bad performance, importance of smartphone in life, excessive smartphone use to bad healthy, smartphone use before bed, the BIS behavioral inhibition, BAS reward, BAS pleasure pursue have significant predictive power smartphone addiction for college students. Regression coefficient R is 0.517, F=32.687, P<0.001. The self-esteem and loneliness played a partial mediating effect between impulsivity and smartphone addiction in college students. More specifically,?2/df=3.649, CFI=0.998, TLI=0.987, SRMR=0.010, RMSEA=0.027. Multi-groupanalysis showed that gender and residential status played the moderating effect between impulsivity and smartphone addiction among college students. The negative and positive affect played a full mediating effect between impulsivity and smartphone addiction among college students. In the model of impulsivity- negative affect-smartphone addiction, more specifically, ?2/df=2.804, CFI=0.994, TLI=0.982,SRMR=0.011, RMSEA=0.022. In the model of impulsivity-positive affect-smartphone addiction, more specifically, ?2/df=4.527, CFI=0.972, TLI=0.916, SRMR=0.011,RMSEA=0.031. The smartphone addiction played a partial mediating effect between impulsivity and mental health among college students. Multi-group analysis showed that age played the moderating effect between impulsivity and mental health among college students. More specifically, ?2/df=1.420, CFI=0.999, TLI=0.997,SRMR=0.006, RMSEA=0.011.5. The smartphone addiction played a partial mediating effect between negative affect and sleep quality among college students. More specifically, ?2/df=4.127,CFI=0.950, TLI=0.927, SRMR=0.011, RMSEA=0.064. The smartphone addiction played a partial mediating effect between loneliness and sleep quality among college students. More specifically, ?2/df=3.371, CFI=0.952, GFI=0.933, RMSEA=0.063.Multi-group analysis showed that gender played the moderating effect between loneliness and sleep quality among college students.6. In the short-term comprehensive intervention, the treatment group significantly shortened smartphone use time every day(hours) than the control group.Each factor and total score of smartphone addiction in the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group. Scores of smartphone addiction,impulsivity and anxiety in the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group after cognitive-behavioral group treatment, and total score of mindfulness is significantly higher than the control group. After brief solution-focused therapy, all the results are good including the self-description of the visitor,psychological assessment, reports from consultants, students and teachers.Results1. In this study, all Chinese college students had smartphone and apply kinds of functions via it. College students frequently play their smartphone in class and on the bed. They admit that using smartphone in the class influence their performance andworry about their health. But they think that smartphone is very important to interpersonal relationship in their daily life.2. The SAS-C was proven to be relatively reliable and valid, supporting its utility in Chinese college students. It is very important to determine the critical value of smart phone addiction for addiction prediction, vocational students got higher degree of smartphone addiction than college students.3. Impulse characteristics significantly positively related to smartphone addiction,but impulse response behavior and impulsive choice behavior have no significant correlation with smartphone addiction. Behavior experiments are not relying on self awareness.4. Lower smartphone use, good self control can effectively reduce the smartphone addiction. Good self-government, higher self-esteem, good interpersonal communication, lower loneliness, and positive emotion all can effectively reduce the smartphone addiction. Learning self-control can reduce smartphone addiction and improve mental health.5. Smartphone addiction and negative affect influence sleep quality of college students. prevention of smartphone addiction and mood control are the effective ways to improve their sleep quality. Reducing loneliness and smartphone addiction are beneficial to improve college students' sleep quality.6. Short-term comprehensive intervention, mindfulness cognitive-behavioral group therapy and brief solution-focused therapy on college students' smartphone addiction have good effect of intervention.