Research On Physics Experiment Of Tengchow College

In the late Qing dynasty,the dissemination of western physical science in China was widely concerned by Chinese and foreign scientific historians,which carried out the research work in this field very early,and achieved certain results.But for a long time,Chinese and foreign scientific historians have started from translation and editing books,aiming to solve some problems introduced by western physics knowledge.From experiments using the history of physics experiment and the school’s perspective,systematic and comprehensive research work has not yet been launched.There was not even a system research about the school physical experiments in the late Qing and early republic of China.Tengchow College was a comprehensive university contained of science and liberal arts established American missionaries in the late Qing period in China,which established a complete system of mathematics and physics and chemistry education,including many compiled textbooks and a large number of physical experiment instrument and the complete chemical experimental appliances.At present,there were a lot of research articles about Calvin Wilson Mateer and Tengchow College,but so far no one article about physics teaching and experiment of Tengchow College,not even a system research the school physical experiments in the late Qing and early Republic of China.This article through studies physics experiments in Tengchow College,filling the blank of the physical experiment research in the late Qing dynasty,to further strengthen the excavation and collection of historical data of physics experiment at that time.Specific work is as follows:Research for three stages of development in physics experiments and key individuals.The first stage was the start-up phase,namely Calvin Wilson Mateer period,School was set up a short time with a few students during this period.Calvin Wilson Mateer started from scratch,since the writing textbooks,homemade instruments,creating the physics laboratory.Tengchow College through self-control,purchase,donated gradually acquire instrument,but its level of experiment was in infancy.The second stage was to come to China in 1882,Watson McMillan Hayes,bringed a large aperture telescope and some equipment,builted the observatory,translated physics book,such as Astronomical Jieyao,Optical Jieyao,Acoustic Jieyao,Thermal Jieyao,etc,and equipped with excellent experimental instrument and equipment.Physics laboratory of Tengchow College had begun to take shape.The third stage was the Bergen had taken over as President in 1901,construction of high standard with Henry Winters Luce experimental physics laboratory and orthonormal building.Physics laboratory of Tengchow College had 10 laboratories in total.This paper integrated experimental section into five chapters,according to force,heat,sound,light,electricity,which making a description of the laboratory.By organizing and explaining of laboratory instruments and equipment,this article account for level of the experimental compared with the same period of physics experimental instrument of transverse comparison abroad and with the modern physics experiment longitudinal to illustrate how to influence on modern physics experiments.The third chapter was mechanics experiment.This analyzed the mechanics experiment of Tengchow College and its teaching textbook,mechanical volume in Ge Wu Ru Men,and Mechanics in comparison at the same time,ultimately in order to one by one analyze mechanics laboratory and fluid mechanics laboratory.The fourth chapter was thermal experiment.This chapter was mainly elaborates and research about Thermal Jieyao,and researched experimental apparatus of Tengchow College thermal device one by one,which combined with the textbook.At the same time,there were comparison with instruments in modern physics laboratory and foreign experimental instrument,illustrating its influence for modern physics laboratory instruments.Finally,we had the research about experimental equipment of steam in the chapter,which mostly belonged to the professional technical equipment,The fifth chapter was acoustics and gas experiment,the article carried on analysis with the hall textbook Acoustic Jieyao,discussed its content,the author of the translation,as well as to the influence of physical knowledge at that time.On this basis,the chapter study Tengchow College acoustic experiment instrument and its use.The sixth chapter were experiment of astronomy and optics,which analyzed Optical Jieyao and made the investigation of optical laboratory,contrasted and classified the research on experimental apparatus.Because of many astronomical experiment instrument were optical instruments,astronomical experiment were put in this chapter.The seventh chapter was electromagnetic experiment,the one of difficult points of this paper.In that era,due to the development of electromagnetics was changing with each passing day.The electrical volume in Ge Wu Ru Men obviously was unable to keep up with the development of the electromagnetism,so this article studied electromagnetic experiment combined Adolphe Ganot’s fourteenth edition of Elementary Treatiseon Physics,and many Chinese translation of modern physics,such as Physics of Fan Sheng Ting Zao,etc.The eighth chapter studied effect of Tengchow College physics laboratory,mainly about the development of Guang Wen Secondary School and influence on the local economy and two excellent graduate of Tengchow College who were Yin Huanzhai and Wang Xien.Through the study of the physical experiment of Tengchow College,this paper had promoted the collation and analysis of the physical experiment data throughout the late Qing dynasty,including collection and comparison of books,use of experimental apparatus and matters needing attention,etc.Books including Adolphe Ganot’s Elementary Treatiseon Physics and its translation,Japanese Physics of Fan Sheng Ting Zao and its translation,and the Mechanics,Acoustic and so on a large number of physical inspection of books in the late Qing dynasty.These works also for the further study of physics experiment in the late Qing dynasty provides the necessary information and breakthrough.Anyhow,experimental instruments of Tengchow College were very rich,but more than one hundred years have passed,because there was no specification before experimental instrument name,lack of research data,this paper studies the basis of only in 8 page name on experimental apparatus,and many experimental instruments had been eliminated with the development of science and technology,now on the textual research was very difficult,some don’t had to check.This paper was earlier article researching physical experiments in the late Qing.We expect more scholars involved in the study of physics experiment in late Qing dynasty,enrich and develop the study of the history of physics experiment in our country.