Study On Monk Official System In The Ming Dynasty

This article keeps the monk official system in the Ming Dynasty as the research object, including Buddhism management organization, personnel arrangement and evolution, the evolution of related policies,and so on.The focus is on Buddhism management institutions, personnel department set up authority, transaction operation, supporting policies. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Tibetan Buddhism expansed to heyday in the whole Chinese, but decline and contract with the perish of the Yuan Dynasty.However, it still widespread in Tibetan areas. Therefore, policy of the Ming Dynasty was also need to pay attention to the rulers of the Tibetan Theocracy System, So this paper bases on not only the management system of Han-Chinese Buddhism, but also the management of Tibetan Buddhism to explore, to two in the organization, system, policy and other aspects of the similarities and differences between further analysis. And discusses the influence of Ming Dynasty monk official system,comprehensive evaluation. Specifically.First of all, the article Discusses the background of Ming Dynasty monk official system According to the specific historical materials, Including the realistic background:Buddhism at the end of Yuan Dynasty; cultural background:traditional system development officer system monk before top decision makers; background management thought: Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang Buddhism thought of management.Three kinds of background, constitute the foundation, principles and basis of constructing the Ming Dynasty monk official system. Buddhism at the end of Yuan Dynasty, mainly relates to the Yuan Dynasty rulers of Buddhism management policy, reform measures, the secret religion, war on influence of Buddhism, Buddhist net integration trend, analyses from multi aspects. Buddhism had diversified, complicated situation, and Buddhist monks and laymen, monks mixed pseudo promiscuity at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, became the Ming Dynasty Buddhism management problems.The traditional system and cultural background, namely the evolution of official system of the previous generation times monk, the monk officials discussed before system development history, comparative analysis, sum up, can be seen:the monk official system in the long-term development process, from simple to complex, institutionalized system design was careful, monk officials mechanism subordination had been changed, but the overall had never deviated from the secular political institutions tube. The top decision makers of management thoughts, included the relationship between Zhu Yuanzhang and Buddhism, understanding of Buddhism, thought of control and transformation conducive to the transformation of the secular rule to Buddhism.From the show, Zhu Yuanzhang’s understanding of Buddhism, starting from the secular political pragmatism, dominated by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism as a supplement, to reconcile the Buddhism and Taoism, and Taoism two teach conducive to the management and construction of secular rule, to promote, develop the public education, Yin Yi Dao’s ideological elements, blow, eliminate the negative factors of the secular regime. The Buddhism policy, the Hongwu fifteen years of reform in the political system is relatively loose, before, after more strictly. The fundamental purpose of these policies, was for the secular authoritarian and totalitarian rule service. The monk company government system, clearly reflected the Zhu Yuanzhang administration the purpose and intention of buddhism management.Secondly, the article researches management institutions of Han-Chinese buddhism, the Ming Dynasty Chinese Buddhist monk official system, the relevant authority officials and Related policy specificly. The management of the affairs of the secular regime realized by setting relevant institutions and personnel, endowed with certain powers. the Ming Dynasty was the continuation of the former generation management mode, set the monk official institutions management Buddhist affairs, but also had its own characteristics. At start, Zhu Yuanzhang Learned the system of Yuan dynasty and founded ShanShiYuan according to the model of XuanZhengYuan, in high rank at the same time, but also on its terms of strict control, so that it only had a selection of monks talent agency, which was not perfect. ShanShiYuan was cut In the structural reform on the eve of Hongwu fifteen years, then,Zhu Yuanzhang established SengLuSi in the central and all levels of the organization including SengGangSi’s, SengZhengSi’s, SengHhuiSi’s In the local government areas.The monks were appointed as the official,and handled concrete affairs of buddhism. The supreme body of the company governance was "the Ministry of Rites in feudal China" in the central.So the Buddhism management system was composed of upper and lower, forming a set of distinct grades of secularization of The division of functions and powers.This article takes further discussion and research the monk Department yamen specific transaction process, supporting policies, combined with the historical data and the results of previous studies. As can be seen, the official agencies and officials set up refering to the secular bureaucratic system, although it dealed with the Buddhist affairs,but its operation process was more closer to the secular model, and it was under the jurisdiction of the secular bureaucracy.In the government management,the monk management played the role of the communication between the upper and lower staffs.In addition, the changes of institutional location, officials official way and power, broken the conventional rules many times, reflecting the changes of political and social situation to some extent,which is the specific areas of research relatively less. This paper also makes a certain degree of them. Han-Chinese Buddhist monk official system, is the key point of this research.Once again, the article researches the Tibetan Buddhist monk official system. Different from Management of Han-Chinese buddhism, The management of Tibetan Buddhism from Ming government more considered the stability in border areas and other political factors, the implementation of a more lenient policy, linked to the Tibetan theocracy, practicaling as a political move over Tibet monks managers, attenting to the internal specific affairs less, which was different from Management of the Tibetan Buddhismin in the Yuan Dynasty.But it can not be ignored, Ming government set up monk officials managers to work for a certain degree of management in the border area,strengthen the contact and netting to Tibetan monk officials by the more generous tribute trade to let them obey the central government management and treat boundary. The Buddhist attitude of The rulers directly related to Buddhism. If they believe even obsessed with Tibetan Buddhism, then the court to the Tibetan policy were more preferential treatment; if they don’t pay attention to Tibetan Buddhism, or even offensive, they will reduce the salary level. But the country at the beginning of the establishment of loose and netting principles generally sustained. The management system of Han-Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism in the Ming Dynasty is the two set of relatively independent system, but the two had the same or relevance, it embodied more significant in the monk official system.Based on the sufficient research on the operation of the monk officials, officials and institutions system, the article discusses the way to life of monk officials in a secular environment as well as their fate through concrete examples.As the Monks managers, being the same Monks, the authority was secular, becaming the part of secular bureaucratic system, to be "monk" identity for the detachment of world and indifferent practice, became mpossible.They must perform the secular authority "officer", involveded in secular officialdom disputes in deliberately or inadvertently in many cases,which including Keeping ecru and retiring,making some political capital, Failure while being punished, Cautious but innocent implicated,and so on.To explore Some concrete examples could about their way of doing things, rewards and punishments from secular regime, can discuss the general situation of the monk officials using power, peep some political and bureaucratic state in the Ming Dynasty and know some characteristics of political and Buddhism in the Ming Dynasty.On the basis of more comprehensive, detailed analysis of Ming Dynasty monk official system, the article discusses the influence of Ming Dynasty monk official system and then makes comprehensive evaluation. the Ming Dynasty is a political autocracy and centralization of high strength, but also a social, ideological reform and open era, communication and conflict among various ideas, culture, religion were fierce. State management in all areas of society also changed with the change of the society, but also greatly influenced the social change. The monk official system, as the bridge linking between the secular world and the Buddhist community in the Ming Dynasty, playing the role of the communication between the upper and lower staffs, had a great impact, and it was Continue to be used by the ruler In the early Qing Dynasty,becaming the basis to create the monk official system in the Qing Dynasty and the transformation. Its success and failure, gain and loss, lessons learned, as a history book, can be used as reference now.The above are the main research objects of study and the ideas and conclusions. I hope the article can give help to monk official system research field a bit.