| OBJECTIVE:To translate and revise the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS) into Chinese and to investigate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of FRAS (FRAS-C).METHODS:The FRAS was translated into Chinese following a standard procedure. The FRAS was translated from English to Chinese and back-translated by a bilingual professional group. After a pilot test, a total of 1200 questionnaires were issued to screen college students’traumatic events at a college in Jinan, Shandong province, China. The effective response sample is 1078 copies, which account for effective rate of 89.8%. Among the 1078 copies,991 copies showed the students once had traumatic events were used to investigate the psychometric properties of the FRAS-C. In addition, to examine the language equivalency, the completed FRAS-C and original version of FRAS were executed by twelve graduate students who were blinded to the original scale and the objective of the study. The reliability and validity test included corrected item-total correlations, internal consistency, concurrent criterion validity, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Other instruments included the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10), the Family Assessment Device (FAD), and perceived social support scale (PSSS). The Statistic Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 22.0) and Liseril8.51were used for analyses. The statistic analysis included descriptive analysis, independent t-test, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson correlations, the internal consistency and CFA.RESULTS:(1) The revised FRAS-C had 52 items and six factors including Family Communication and Problem solving (FCPS), Utilizing Social and Economic Resources (USER), Maintaining a Positive Outlook (MPO), Family Connectedness (FC), Family Spirituality (FS), and Ability to Make Meaning of Adversity (AMMA).(2)The CFA results showed that the goodness of fit index values of the model were x2/df=4.78, CFI=0.80, RMSEA= 0.07, and SRMR=0.06, which were all acceptable.(3) The total reliability of the 52-item FRAS-C was found Cronbach’s a is 0.95, and the Cronbach’s a for the six factors ranged from 0.50 to 0.95.(4) The concurrent criterion validity showed that FCPS was significantly negatively related to the total score of FAD 1 and FAD2 (r=-0.52, P<0.01); the USER and FC were significantly positively related to PSSS, respectively (r=0.24,0.15, Ps<0.01); MOP, FS, and AMMA were significantly positively related to CD-RISC 10, respectively (r=0.37,0.22, and 0.33, Ps<0.01).CONCLUSIONS:According to these values it can be said that the modified Chinese version of FRAS was well fit to the Chinese culture.OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to investigate predictors of family resilience in adolescents of parents with disabilities.METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,3000 questionnaires were issued to screen adolescents with parental physical disabilities at two colleges in Jinan, Shandong province, China. The effective response sample is 2600 copies, which account for effective rate of 86.7%. According to the integration and elimination standard,134 samples were determined. The socio-demographic variables were measured by the self-designed questionnaire, family resilience by the Chinese version of Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS-C), individual resilience by the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10), posttraumatic stress symptom by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), parenting styles by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and perceived social support by the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). The Statistic Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 22.0) was used for data analyses, which included descriptive analysis, independent t-test, one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), Pearson correlations, and regression analysis.RESULTS:(1) One-way ANOVAs revealed that students who reported family members became more intimacy after a traumatic event had a higher level of family resilience.(2) The correlation analysis showed that total FRAS-C and its subscales were positively related to individual resilience, respectively (r= 0.29-0.42, Ps<0.01); the subscale of FRAS-C Utilizing Social and Economic Resources was negatively related to the PCL-C (r=-0.18, P<0.05); total FRAS-C was positively related to parental care and autonomy, respectively (r=0.20-0.39, Ps<0.01); total FRAS-C and its subscales were positively related to total PSSS and its subscales, respectively (r 0.33-0.57, Ps<0.01).(3) Multiple liner regression analysis showed that family members became more intimacy after a traumatic event, perceived more social support, more maternal care, and higher individual resilience significantly predicted family resilience, which explained 49.1% variance of family resilience.CONCLUSIONS:More perceived social support, higher individual resilience, and more maternal care, as well as more intimate among family members after the traumatic event all help promote the family resilience.OBJECTIVE:The aim was to explore the role of perceived social support, individual resilience, maternal care, the intimacy among family members after the traumatic event, and the sociodemographic variables in the experience of posttraumatic growth (PTG) for adolescents with parental physical disabilities in China.METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,3000 questionnaires were issued to screen adolescents with parental physical disabilities at two colleges in Jinan, Shandong province, China. The effective response sample is 2600 copies, which account for effective rate of 86.7%. According to the integration and elimination standard,134 samples were determined. The socio-demographic variables were measured by the self-designed questionnaire, family resilience by the Chinese version of Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS-C), individual resilience by the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC10), posttraumatic stress symptom by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), parenting styles by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), perceived social support by the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and PTG by the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). The Statistic Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 22.0) was used for data analyses, which included descriptive analysis, independent t-test, one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), Pearson correlations, and regression analysis. Path analysis, using StataMP13, was performed to examine students’ PTG path.RESULTS:(1) One-way ANOVAs revealed significant differences in PTG based on demographic variable such as students’ resilience, and education level of father, as well as the intimacy among family members after the traumatic event (Ps<0.05).(2) The correlation analysis showed that there were significantly positive relations between family resilience, as well as the FRAS-C subscales and PTG (r= 0.23-0.39, Ps<0.01).(3) Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that 12.5% variance of PTG was explained by family resilience, while controlling the socio-demographic variables. More specifically, students who reported higher level of family resilience had higher level of PTG.(4) Path analysis posited that family resilience mediated the relationship between the PTG and perceived more social support, individual resilience, maternal care, and the intimacy among family members after the traumatic event. The model had very good fit indicators (x2=5.04, df=3, x2/df=1.68,P=0.169, NFI=0.963, CFI = 0.984, SRMR= 0.029, RMSEA= 0.079 (90% CI:0.000～0.196)) and explained 52.4% and 36.7% of the variance of family resilience and PTG, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:Positive social psychology predictors (more perceived social support, higher individual resilience, more maternal care, and as well as more intimate among family members after the traumatic event) could promote the family resilience, which in turn could facilitate PTG. In addition, higher individual resilience could facilitate PTG directly.OBJECTIVE:This study mainly aimed to explore the biological index for posttraumatic growth among adolescents with parental physical disability. Therefore, the associations between PTG and diurnal salivary cortisol were investigated.METHODS:The 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted and 134 students with no traumatic experience were randomly invited in the control group to match the case group (students with parental physical disability). Finally,25 pairs of students donated their saliva. On weekends, participants were instructed to collect saliva samples in their school dormitories at three time points each day:30-min post-waking, at noon, and then before dinner. Cortisol in saliva was measured using a commercialized human salivary cortisol enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The adsorption at 450 nm was determined by a microplate reader (Multiskan MK3, Thermo, USA).24 valid samples of cortisol in case group and 25 valid samples of cortisol in control group were abstained. The socio-demographic variables and PTG data were all gathered from the previous cross-sectional study in this research (see chapter Ⅱ). The Statistic Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 22.0) and Excel were used for data analyses, which included descriptive analysis, chi-square test, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), Spearman correlations, and Hierarchical regression analysis.RESULTS:(1) The experimental results show that three-time points cortisol in case group was higher than those in the control group, respectively (Ps<0.01); the secretion tendency of diurnal cortisol in the case group was similar to the normal tendency.(2) The mean value of the total salivary cortisol concentration was 0.73±0.20 (μg/dL)(3) The repeated ANOVA showed that the diurnal cortisol level in the high PTG group (total PTGI≥71) was marginally higher than that in the low PTG(total PTGI< 71=(F<1,22)=3.703, P=0.067).(4) PTG was positively related to the cortisol level at 30-min post-waking, and the total diurnal cortisol level, respectively (r=0.524,0.497, P<0.01, P<0.05), whereas PTG was negatively related to the diurnal cortisol slope (DCS), and the diurnal cortisol ratio (DCR), respectively (r=-0.439,-0.528, P<0.05,P<0.01).(5) Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that PTG negatively predicted DCS, while controlling for confounding variables (β=-0.62, P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS:This experimental study indicated that PTG among adolescents with parental physical disability had biological benefits in the form of healthier endocrine function as defined by a steeper decline from morning to evening -negative cortisol slope. The diurnal cortisol level can be seen a biological index of personal PTG. |
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