| Chongqing is in a period of accelerated development of urbanization, and the rural space is facing the development of restructuring and reconstruction. Due to the large differences in Chongqing regions, urban and rural areas, natural conditions, resource endowments, development status and development potential, which result in large differences in rural interior space structure, rural functions, etc. On the influence of land resources constraints and the differences of regional social and economic development, the rural spatial system in land use efficiency also showed spatial and temporal heterogeneity. If we decide every areas’ rural spatial development singly according to the existing five major functional areas, the regional features will not be demonstrated, which are not conducive to regional coordination and sustainable development. This article is aimed to provide theoretical and methodological support for guiding beautiful countryside and the construction of ecological civilization, which has an important guiding significance for a sound development of rural space and promotion of orderly development and transformation in rural areas, and contributes to enrich the regional and rural geography theory, at the same time provides examples for rural function cultivation and rural construction in areas.Currently, compared with the urban functional research, the theoretical and practical research is still relatively weak, and the scientific research of the multifunctional village is still in its infancy. The first reason is that the theoretical research on the theory of rural multifunctional village is not mature enough, and it has not formed a complete set of scientific and rigorous theoretical system. The second reason is that most of the researches are based on the definition of rural functional status and rural functional area types, and the division is based on the leading function. Studies mainly stayed on the morphological and structural representation, which is lack of systematic and deep research on the origin of the multi- functional differences of rural space. These researches have much more spatial differentiations of rural functions, but ignore researches on time evolution, measures on regional differences in regional rural areas and analyses on the performance of the same regional function in different regions, which are difficult to reveal the source of rural spatial function. The third is that most of the existing researches are concentrated in the developed coastal areas, but less in rural areas in the western areas. In terms of land use efficiency, the foreign scholars attach more importance on this analysis which is different from the breadth and depth of urban system research. The theoretical and practical researches on rural land use efficiency are relatively weak, because rural systems and many problems of subsystems has not yet been concerned by scholars. From the perspective of research methods, most researches only stay in the research on the relative efficiency of input and expected output, but less in studies of efficiency of rural area spatial land including non-expected output. Many studies only consider the economic output but ignore the environmental pollution problems in the process of rural development, which makes the research results do not conform to the reality. There are much more researches on the spatial differentiation of land use efficiency, but less on the time evolution, so it is difficult to reveal the research on the source of regional land use efficiency gap, and put forward the correct policy recommendations. All of these have affected the conclusions of practical significance. In addition, previous studies have put too much emphasis on the study of natural environmental factors in the land system and ignored the important role of micro behaviors.Therefore, this article will start with the analysis of problems existing in Chongqing land spatial structure, and launches the research from the flowing aspects: Chongqing rural space “Three Functions” evolution characteristics; the evolution of land use efficiency of “Three Functions" and micro subject demands of "Three Functions" space optimization. Then the optimization strategy of rural space will be put forward. 1)On the foundation of analyses and diagnoses of the current situation of land spatial planning and the main contradiction in land space of Chongqing, the research will facilitate complex scientific theories to analysis nonlinear characteristics of land use system, construct an evaluation index system based on the PSR model and adopt the improved TOPSIS method to study the health diagnosis of land use system. 2) Constructing a theoretical framework of "Three Functions" rural space with measuring the value of the Chongqing rural space function by entropy weight method. And the method will be estimated by GIS technology and Dagum Gene coefficient. The spatial non equilibrium and distribution of the functional value of rural space in different areas in Chongqing will be conformed and studied; 3)When analyzing the land use status of rural ecological space subsystem, we adopt the R software based on the productivity index of total factor productivity of input redundancy Malmquist-Luenberger(ML)and the Kernel density function to measure and study the land use efficiency of rural production space and living space subsystem in different functional areas of Chongqing; 4)On the basis of dividing “Three Functions” of rural space, we will give a full consideration to the rural space fragile and ecological sensitivity, establish multifunctional evaluation index system of rural space, and further explore multifunctional patterns of rural space in mountainous area. Combined with the rural spatial land use efficiency results, the rural spatial function orientation and optimization development path of each county in Chongqing will be discussed; 5)Based on the survey data, from the microscopic views, individuals will study micro subject’s demands of “Three Functions” in rural area; 6)On the basis of dividing “Three Functions” of rural space, we will give a full consideration to the rural space fragile and ecological sensitivity, establish multifunctional evaluation index system of rural space, and further explore multifunctional patterns of rural space in mountainous area. Combined with the rural spatial land use efficiency results, the rural spatial function orientation and optimization development paths and strategies in Chongqing will be discussed. The research conclusions are as follows:(1) From the perspective of geography and economics, this article draw lessons from functional theories of territorial space and the basic theory and research method of human-economic geography. It construct the rural space optimization research paradigm of “Function-Efficiency-Mcro subject” coordinated with the “Three Functions” from the following three aspects: the evolution of “Three Functions” in rural spaces, the study and evaluation on land use efficiency of “Three Functions" and micro demand of “Three Functions” optimization.(2)Chongqing rural space general function and various sub functions demonstrate an upward trend. The total functional value in rural space is in balanced distribution in space. But affected by geographical environment, natural resource endowments and differences in the level of economic development, the difference of rural spatial sub function is large, especially between the northeast and southeast of Chongqing, urban functional areas and Urban Development Zone. The function of rural space needs to be optimized and adjusted(3)The process of Chongqing rural spatial development still exists extensive growth at the expense of destroying the ecological environment. The land use efficiency of rural production space subsystem in Chongqing and four major regions basically in a downward trend after its rise, at the same time, the regional gap is narrowing. The land use efficiency of rural living space is small; the regional gap is not big, and the overall level needs to be urgently improved.(4) Functional changes of rural space in Chongqing city has significant geographical differences and complexities. Different function areas of rural space in Chongqing should combine evaluation results of space land use efficiency of “Three Functions” to adopt differentiated and optimal development model. The rural spatial optimization strategy should fully reflect the micro subject’s demand in order to promote people’s harmonious development. The rural spatial orientation of different functional areas is dominated by the function of residential home, and supplemented by urban functional area rural space of economic development function optimization; by the agricultural production function, and supplemented by urban development district rural space of residential home functional optimization; by the function of water and ecological conservation, and supplemented by the northeast ecological conservation development zone in rural space of economic development function optimization; by ecological protection function of soil conservation, and supplemented by ecological protection and development of rural areas in southeast Chongqing function of agricultural productive an functional optimization. The researches further divide Chongqing rural spaces into eight functional types: Agricultural production-economic development, agricultural production- human settlements, human settlements- social security, human settlements- economic development, water and ecological conservation, ecological conservation- economic development, ecological conservation- agricultural production, soil conservation. These can better reflect the regional characteristics, and provide useful references for the scientific and healthy development and utilization of land resources in mountainous rural areas, which is conducive to the sustainable development of regional coordination.In the future, the development of rural space optimization in Chongqing should be based on the realization of human’s demand as the starting point in order to protect the ecological environment, and reshape the rural value. We should achieve the optimization of rural space construction from following aspects: Firstly, on the premise of ecological environment protection, restoration, the ecological function will be restored and promoted, the rural ecological spatial pattern will be optimized and the beautiful rural ecological space will be constructed. Secondly, accelerating and promoting the transformation of agricultural development mode and rural industrial restructuring and upgrading, which will improve rural space land use efficiency and optimize the reconstruction of intensive and efficient rural production space. Thirdly, establishing a "people-oriented" happy home in rural areas through the rational planning of village construction and the improvement of rural infrastructure services and the quality of rural life.This article provided a new thought for rural space optimization through analyses of the land use efficiency of "Three Functions" space subsystem in different functional areas in Chongqing and the micro subject demand of space optimization through and discussions on rural space evolution characteristics and built a rural space optimization research paradigm of “function-efficiency-micro subject” coordinated with the function of “Three Functions”. Based on dividing “Three Functions” of rural space, the vulnerability and ecological sensitivity have been fully considered, which established multifunctional evaluation index system of rural space. The use of Dagum Gene coefficient has intensively studied the regional differences and evolution characteristics in functional value of rural space in Chongqing. While previous researches less measure the degree of regional differences in regional rural areas, which is difficult to reveal the source of rural spatial functional gap. This researches can provide the scientific basis for rural function cultivations and directions of rural spatial development. While analyzing land use status of rural ecological space subsystem, we put the surface source pollution factors in the process of rural production into the framework of total factor productivity analysis. On the foundation of the theory of ecosystem metabolism and sustainable development, we adopted Malmquist-Luenberger( ML) total factor productivity index and Kernel density function to measure and study the distribution characteristics of the dynamic evolution and land use efficiency in different functional and productive areas and living space subsystem, which avoided the land use efficiency overestimation because of ignoring environmental constraints. It affected the practical significance of conclusions leading to a discrepancy between research conclusions and practice, so it is hard to propose a correct policy suggestions. And the Kernel density can better reflect the overall patterns of the distribution of land use efficiency in rural areas of Chongqing, which is conducive to master stratification and polarization of land use efficiency in regional rural space, and make up the existing limitations of the short span of the sample period. It can better reveal the dynamic evolution trend of land use efficiency in rural space of Chongqing, and also can provide a scientific and reasonable decision bases for the development direction of rural space in Chongqing. According to differentiations of rural spatial multifunctional patterns and characteristics of mountainous areas, this article conformed a rural space functional orientation in different areas in Chongqing. According to evaluation results of land use efficiency in different functional areas, it conformed the main direction of village space optimization, which can better reflect the regional characteristics. And it provide useful references for scientific and healthy development and utilization of land resources in mountainous rural areas. And from the micro individual perspectives, this article provide corresponding suggestions for how to guide farmers to participate in the sustainable development of rural eco economy and the implementation of ecological environment protection in the production and life, and make them actively join in the development and construction of sustainable land use in rural space. It can make up the important role of micro subject behaviors which is ignored because of much adequate attentions to the study of the natural environment factors in the land system. The research studies are conducive to coordinate the conflict of interests between individuals and groups in futuristic development of rural construction, ensuring a good and harmonious development of the relationship between man and land Because of the data availability, this article is based on the district(county) as the research unit, and there are some deficiencies in the research of spatial orientation. The results can only reflect status in the macro level. Under the circumstances of data sources acquisition, the spatial distribution characteristics and the rural spatial function can be studied from micro level, and it has a practical and instructive significance for rural spatial planning, land renovation works and the healthy development of rural space. Meanwhile, township is a complex system composed of the economy, society and environment, and there are multiple functions in different spatial space. What is the influence of relationship between these functions, how to influence each other and the Influential factors of non-equilibrium formation of rural spatial functions are the directions of further research in the future. In addition, we should strengthen studying the realization of multifunctional composite utilization, industrial development agglomeration, farmers living concentration, intensive optimization of resource utilization and optimal reconstruction of rural production, life and ecological space in micro level via rural land remediation engineering technology, the innovation of policy mechanism and model. And we are supposed to provide a scientific support of rural spatial development planning regulation and control management decision for government. |
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