| Diqing is one prefecture of the major Tibetan areas in Yunnan province, China. Influenced by diversified cultural and environmental conditions, wood structure dwellings with unique features were formed there. But the features of the traditional Tibetan dwellings in Yunnann province were fading with the development of society and economy. The object of this paper is the wood structure dwellings of Tibetan region in Yunnan province. Utilizing the method of field research, the present situation of the wood structure dwellings in Diqing was investigated,and some dwelling samples and database have been got. Based upon these, this paper studied current situations of the dwelling, its form and structural features, its mechanism of formation and evolution through data analysis and literature review. The methods and strategies of developing the wood structure dwellings in Diqing have been provided in this paper.The results of the paper mainly includes:⑴ The form, locations, yard layouts, structure and components, connection, damage by disease and destroy of wood structure dwellings in Yunnan Tibetan regions were investigated as the principal data of wood structure dwellings and the foundation of the follow-up work.According to 3 kinds of classification, the form of Tibetan wood structure dwellings in Yunnan was summarized which including 4 way of site selection and 7 layouts. The functions of houses were classified as one chant sutras room, one central room, two bedrooms, one storeroom and livestock room. The principal of components of wood structure house were pillar, beam, purlin,chuan fang, rafter and shingle. Wood joints, Flat swing floating structure, and colligation were major connection types. When living in the houses, wall cracking, foundation settlement, water seepage and soil falling tend to happen, climates, snow, rain and wind, soil and biont also would influence the dwellings. There are three kinds of village layouts including flat ground,mountain field, and river valley in Yunnan Tibetan regions. Temples, prayer rooms, pagodas,mani stone piles, and places along transportation systems are the major centers of settlement.Because of the varieties of geographical conditions, there are mainly five kinds of dwellings.The single unit dwellings were either concentrated or dispersed in order to connect inner and outer areas according to various geographical conditions.(2) The theoretical system of wood structure dwellings regarding their formation and features in Yunnan Tibetan regions were studied. The slope-roofed dwellings located at flat land are generally two floors with garrets, and its width is 5 zhu and 4 jian or 4 zhu and 3 jian,with open or enclosed square-room layout. The outer factors include mainly the enclosing structure, the doors, the windows, the colours, and Tibet eaves, The enclosing structure retains the style of soil and stone, right-angled trapezoid in section. The windows are small, and usually located at the second floor. The front side mainly uses wooden material, while other sides are just using colours of the original materials. There are 8 types of roofs mainly include four-sloped and eight-sloped roofs with slight slopes and small dimension. The main functional space is at the second floor with no set patterns. The plat-roofed dwellings located at river valleys are typical highland buildings which have three kinds of combinations with five types of layouts. The NLB wood work includes mainly the eave, the inner and outer doors, the windows, the stairs, the furniture and furnishings. They are decorated by carving, painting, and coloured drawing. Generally speaking, the slope-roofed dwellings in Yunnan Tibetan regions are extroverted and magnificent, while the flat-roofed dwellings were introverted and elegant.(3) The theoretical systems of the connection and structure of wood structure dwellings in Yunnan Tibetan regions was studied. The wood structure dwellings in Yunnan Tibetan regions are mixed wooden structures which merge stem-pillar with ChuanDouShi structure. While the wood frame is LB, the enclosing structure is NLB. The inner or outer pillars are either entire or assembled ones, and the diameter of the outer ones was large, and that of the inner ones was small. They are connected with plinth by fraction force. Through mortise and tenon, Chuan and inner and outer pillars are connected. The connection type are mortise and tenon among purlins,which are fixed on the top of the beams with small space. Rafters are fixed on top of trusses with nails and straps. The architectural construction of dwellings are consisted of platform foundation, pillar-frame, the floor, and the roof. The materials of the platform foundation is soil and small stones. After the foundation was made level, the plinths are put on. The column net is symmetrical, but the space in between are not the same. The space of the columns is less than5 cm in width direction, and the space of the depth direction is slightly smaller than the width direction. There are many the Ti-mu and Que-ti in column frames. The angle of the roof is about 17°, and the structures include beam-column, wood-frame, mixed form, and the truss forms. The roof of the flat-roofed dwellings is flat. Rafters are put densely to bear the load, and small stones, sand and soil are laid on top of the rafters.(4) Forming and evolution theories of wood structure dwellings in Yunnan Tibetan regions were analysed. Because of climate and geographic conditions, slope-roofed and the flat-roofed blockhouses come into being in the continuous evolution of wood structure dwellings in Yunnan Tibetan regions. In mountainous areas, mountain desktop dwellings take shape. Under the condition of abundant natural resources and traffic inconvenience, wood, soil and stone are major materials of construction. With the influence of natural economy, based upon each household, central house structure and the location and forming of settlement appeared. This was why low technology and low cost principle tend to dominate. As the results of religious belief and Tibetan Buddhism, the location of settlement, forming of dwellings, the layouts of functions, decoration, material usage also contained the worship towards nature and religion which promote the evolutions of traditional Tibetan dwellings with the interaction between humans and the former factors.(5) Updating methods and strategies of traditional Wood structure dwellings in Yunnan Tibetan areas were presented. Wood structure dwellings in Yunnan Tibetan areas have historical, cultural and creative value. During the process of government guidance, culture communication and technology import, new brick and wood structure, steels, wood and stone structure come into being. The contradiction between how to cut down consumption, keep traditional culture, find some replaceable materials and Tibetan dwelling in Yunnan and the policy, regional culture and modern technology also appear. The application of light weight steel structure building and wood structure technology which are suitable to be used in mountainous areas and regions with inconvenient transportation would be the effective methods and strategy of the evolutions in Yunnan Tibetan Wood structure dwellings. |
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