Study On Changes About The Supply System Of Rural Public Products In China

In this paper, history serves as a clue, system set as the thinking latitude, construction of modern states as the perspective, and the research methods of the system environment determine its arrangement. The latter determines the system efficiency. The change in China's the supply system of rural public goods is divided into four periods for study and analysis. In my opinion, the supply system is subject to national political and economic systems. Along with the historical process of national modernization, political system in rural areas has been transferred from the rural autonomy under the imperial system to the modern country, and economic system has been from natural economy to planned economy and to market economy. So the supply system of rural public goods has been changed. Specifically, at different times, the shift of the supply system of rural public goods is mainly reflected in such a process as follows: the supply mainly by Clan-based community organizations——the supply by the farmer's self-cooperative under government (collective) full control——the supply by the burden of the farmers under direct government control——the supply by the framework of the government (public finance) leading and the farmers'participation within"One Case, One Meeting"China's traditional agricultural society was a natural economy and a village autonomy system under the rule of imperial power. This system was the rural management system based on clan system,the Confucian, and autonomy relative to administration. An insufficient financial resource of agricultural empire determined its inadequate ability to the necessary public affairs of the government-sponsored social development and essential public goods. This nature made the majority of public goods of the rural society only be supplied by the villagers themselves. The rural community was a clan-style's autonomous organizations of self-service and self-management in the internal affairs of village based on the conscious recognition. Therefore, in the long period of agricultural society in China, there was a set of systems. Supply system of rural public goods was based on the supply of clan-organizations: chiefly, private supply; and subordinately, the supply of imperial government and other civil voluntary-organizations. Clan-organization played an important role in the maintenance of rural social order and the supply of public goods such as construction of public facilities, and brought about the prosperity and stability of the traditional rural society.After the Opium War, with the gradual disintegration of traditional agricultural society, the concept of modern states in China began to rise. The modern states need to provide "public goods" for the people of the country. During the 100 years in the 20th century, our main goal was economic modernization (industrialization) and political modernization (construction of modem states). The foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 marked the establishment of the modern nation– country.Based on national needs of industrial strategy and exploration of governance model to the new China, Communist Party of China decided to establish the people's commune system, in which economic management and economic structure was the confrontation between urban and rural areas and the political and economic system in rural area was the integration of government administration. This " system environment" had double impact to supply system of rural public goods: On the one hand, this system has resolved the difficult position of the organization about public goods supply successfully, and maximize the building of public goods; On the other hand, this system has been the external financing system characterized by"self-cooperative supply"at that time in rural area. In the people's commune, the need of the country's industrialization goals formed a "Draw -type" system from the rural area. The government or collective economic organization could only adopt the external financing system at that time in rural areas, which were closely combined with the planned economy. the Party of "All" status was the unique subjects of the policy making, organization and supply for rural public goods only, all of which urged the political movement to be the main production mobilization and monitoring system. Because of the special status of Mao Zedong and influence in Chinese revolution and construction, it made the rural supply system based on the low level average distribution and cooperative production realized.However, the target of people's commune system was to aim at the industrialization, and to make sure the country can overdraw the rural area, which led to the extreme poverty of farmers and ultimate dissolution in itself.After the reform and opening-up, the family contract farming system was established, so the farmers had more freedom for planting and managing, and'Town Center Country Conduct'is founded. Since change has occurred in the political and economic environment, there were diversified trends in the supply subjects of rural public goods. However, there was an inadequate construction of the modern country, "draw-type" system of confrontation-structure between urban and rural areas formed a huge system of government and a small agricultural finance in rural areas, which led to"the external financing system"of rural public goods. This reflected the supply by the burden of the farmers under direct government control (Taxes, fees, fund raising, Labor, etc). The lag of construction of Democracy-states led to the institutionalization of governmental authority and weak organization of farmers. In"Pressurized System", the supply system of rural public goods emerged: Government's decision-making was difficult to reflect the real needs of farmers; higher levels of government's responsibility retreated and management and supervision decreased; governments compensated for the cost of the supply in the mode of"One case, one fee". The supply system has led to a total shortage and the lack of fairness in rural public goods, and still worse, it has caused problems of Town-Village's debt and farmer ' burden. Reformation of fund-raising system of the public goods'supplies was pushed forward by the worsening situation of farmers' burden, which in turn caused a reform of taxes and fee in rural areas.At the 4th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of CPC in 2004; Hu Jintao brings forward important inference of "two tendencies", which indicates that agriculture policy would change untimely. Policy of"giving more, fetching less and liberating farmers"signs starting of"industry reciprocating agriculture"policy. In the period of post-agriculture tax, state revenue pays the rural public goods'supplies exceeding the village community, and"One Case One Meeting"system becomes the main mechanism of rural public goods'supplies in village community inner closely related to farmers' interests. Because of defects of financial system centralized and the lag of reform of political system, there are shortages of financial resources of county and township governments, great exchange cost of special funds and structural imbalance in supplies of rural public goods occurred."One Case One Meeting"system is carried out with difficulty, which caused the system's failure to correspond with farmers'way of behavior. There is a two-non-cooperation combat in rural public goods'supplies, which has caused the present dilemma in supply of rural public goods.Through inspection and perception to the changes of the supply system of China's rural public goods, we come to basic conclusions: Changes in national development strategies demand changes of the supply system of rural public goods from the supply by the farmer's self-cooperation to the supply by public finance ; transition of governance needs changes of the supply system of rural public goods from "supply-oriented" decision-making system ignoring the needs of the farmers to "demand-oriented" decision-making system highlighting the "farmer-oriented"; changes of economic system requests to define economic interests of relatively independent about the state, collectives, and the farmers, to establish product-management system of the rural public goods with efficiency goals. A new system environment of the supply system of rural public goods must be constructed: democracy– nation, if it is guaranteed to run well about the new supply system of rural public goods.There are some theoretical innovations in the dissertation:1. New thinking latitude: The supply system of rural public goods is regarded as a set of systems. From the type of system, it includes the government system, the private system, community system, and the third party system. From the content, it is composed of the decisive system, fund-raising system, and production (regulatory) system. Research and analysis on the development of the system set by using the institutional analysis frame of new institutional economics will help us understand and grasp the regularity of the development in the supply system of rural public goods, and thus being conducive to innovation in its supply system.2. New study perspectives: the dissertation attempts to describe the internal logic about changes of the supply system of rural public goods in China by using the theory of construction of the modern country of politic-sociology, because the majority of scholars mainly study them by using theories of new institutional economics. It will lead to its"inability to penetrate nature"by merely using new institutional economics to do the analysis, if the changes of China's political and economic systems are ignored. The construction of modern states is not only the main axis of the modern political development in China, but also the most important "institutional environment" to changes in supply system of rural public goods.