Sport And Game

Sport have already existed since the Ancient Greece, and have reached an unprecedented prosperity today. But throughout the history of sports development, various negative phenomena which are contrary to sports nature have always been going hand in hand; especially politicalization and capitalization of sport currently have already made sport out of the track of healthy development. The academia is concerning the unprecedented crisis that sports encounter, looking for the reasons and giving a lot of valuable solutions at the same time. Based on the comprehensive results of the academia, this paper attempts to establish the view: firstly, various undesirable phenomena appeared in sport is the performance of alienation in sport, the nature of alienation is the breaking away of the purpose and implement of sport activities from its inner spirit. Secondly, the game is the starting point and nature of sport, the game is always the kernel through the development of sport, sportsmen should show the "Trinity" spirit of the game which consists of the sense of freedom, order consciousness and aesthetic awareness. Thirdly, the premise to eliminate the negative phenomena in sport is to overcome the alienation of sport and revive the spirit of game in modern sport.This dissertation is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. Beginning with a variety of alienations appearing in sport, it presents the issue, pointing out that the nature of alienation is the split between sport and game, namely, the inner spirits are overlooked while the outer purposes are implemented, and proposes that the alienations lead to the shelter of the game's spirit in sport. In this section, the basic way of the solution which is also main ideas and basic framework of this dissertation have also been presented: firstly, it establishes one doctrine that "game" is the starting point of sport; secondly ,based on the point, it analyzes the inner spiritual natures of sport; thirdly, it analyzes all kinds of external performance of sport to clarify the skeleton of the development of sport with game as the core ; Finally, it studies the unique educational function of game spirit in spots and tries to use it to overcome the alienation to realize re-integration between sport and game.The second chapter of the dissertation is"Game:the starting point and nature of sports nature". Based on the views of the game as a starting point, this part discusses them from the historical and logical view and analyzes the game natures of sport .This chapter includes a total of four sections. In the first section, it reviews the points of sport as the starting point, and then it expounds the theory that games are the starting point of sport, based on the etymology study of the concepts and the features of sport and game. In the second section, the dissertation analyzes the nature of sport—game and combining with the views of Kant, Schiller, Hegel, Huizinga and others, this section establishes and analyzes three properties of sport: freedom, order and aesthetics. In the following part of this section three characteristics of freedom are discussed: the voluntary to enter the game, non-practical interests of the game and the ease of physical control. In the third section, the property order is discussed from three aspects: the internal order which provides sports internal standards, the intermediate order as the rules of the game, and as "fair play" principle of the external order. In the fourth section, aesthetics is discussed from two aspects: aesthetic and sublime. Aesthetic is a general characteristic shown by sport, and the nature of sublime is reflected in the pursuit of honor based on the "fair play".The third chapter is"Relation, alienation and departure between the external forms and game property of sport". From the historical perspective, this chapter discusses the development path of sport taking game as the core in three sections. As a grand social and cultural phenomenon, sport are associated with many external affairs, and the relations between them constitute the external driving force to promote the development of sport, and these external things are easy to make sport to alienation, which include religion, politics, war and capital. Section I discusses the characteristics of sport combined with religion, from the Ancient Greece, through the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, and analyzes " gods amusement"function in the Ancient Greece, knight sport in the context of medieval Christian, religious plot in the modern Olympic Games and today's religious spirit in sport. Then this section explains the religious purpose of the early sport in addition to the game purposes. Section II analyzes the close relationship between sport , politics and war, discusses the sport for the city-state's honor and preparation for a war in the Ancient Greece, knight sport in the Middle Ages "cold weapons", the political tendency of the modern Olympic games. Especially the final part of this section discusses the unique "Political Sport" in China--the nationwide sports running mode, and explains that the political sometimes promotes the development of sport and sometimes hinders the development of sport, and even leads to sports alienation. Section III focuses on the contradictory relationship between game nature and the mode of capital operation in today's sport, explaining that although the purposes of them are opposite, conflicting, but sometimes the relationship is opposite and complementary. Namely, capital can become the external driving force of the development and prosperity of sport, but can also cause materialization and alienation of sport. The section also suggests that the various forms of sport combined wit external things are the essential components in the developing process of sport, and each of them shows the tension relation between game property, and non-game property , even the opposite property of sport.The fourth chapter is"Reintegration of game spirit in sport"This chapter, directed against various problems in sport, analyzes the internal and external regulations, and comes to the conclusion that sport has strong enlightenment functions. By examining a variety of enlightenment functions shown by sport combined with the external things, this chapter finds out the stable supporting force while sport in a more rational state and believes that enlightenment of sport is supposed to enlighten the inner spirit , and this kind of enlightenment is the effective way to overcome and solve all kinds of alienations. This chapter includes three sections. the first section, beginning with the characteristics of sports examines enlightenment functions: at first it discusses sports'the repeatability and its enlightenment function to spirit Then it points that sport express the spiritual aspirations by form of physical training .Finally, it discusses festival celebrating feature and enlightenment functions of sport . In section II, from the features of sport itself, illustrates not only has the obvious property of education, but mainly shows a kind of property of spiritual education. First discusses the cyclical or repetitive features and property of education, followed by discussion of the sports festival and its property of education , the end, to show that sport is the things that through the body to express a kind of spiritual aspirations. Section II has the clarity of the enlightenment function of sport by studying the purpose and feature shown by sport combined with the external things. First it discusses the enlightenment characteristics of sport. Namely in the Ancient Greece citizens were cultivated"both body and mind complete". And then it discusses "gentleman education" function, in which sport were used to cultivate the knight spirit. Finally it discusses "education of youth" in the modern sport and the Olympic Games and illustrates that there is a strong enlightenment function. Section III discusses the showing features of the sense of freedom, respectively, order consciousness and aesthetic awareness in sport and points out some external factors which limit the three game spirits, such as political and capital proposes the basic ideas and approaches by which sport and game can be combined by " sports enlightenment ".