Republic Of China Ningxia Political History Research

1. Main contentThis article is composed by the introduction and the body. Among them, the body part is divided into seven chapters, the main content is below:ChapterⅠintroduces the origins of the Cultural and Change in Ningxia before the Republic of China. As early as in the Warring States period, Ningxia was included in the national territory. Due to its special geographical location, ecological environment, and ethnic composition, Ningxia become one of a variety of cultural convergence zone in which central government and the North nomads fight. This inter-ethnic fighting situation ended in Yuan Dynasty following with the spread of Islamic civilization and the formation of the Hui in the Northwest.Converted to Islam and multi-cultural integration replaced the earlier national movement and frequent absence of the main civilizations, Ningxia entered into a relatively stable period in history. In Qing Dynasty, as the Government took the high-handed policy "Raise Han and repress Hui" to the Northwest Hui, together with Islamic conflict to Confucian culture, leading to the Hui uprising of the Northwest in the year s of emperors TongZhi and GuangXu. The uprising was suppressed by the Qing government, but it made a profound impact on the historical process of modern Ningxia. Not only further deepen the divisions and hatred back to the Han, but also contributed to the rise of Ma warlords, they re-integrate religious power and political power, increasingly recognized by the Qing government.ChapterⅡresearched the Ningxia ruled by Ma Fuxiang. After the Wuchang Uprising, the flames of XinHai Revolution quickly spread through the both sides of the Changjiang River, the revolutionary military government established all over the country, although the corrupt Qing government tried to block, it can not change such a surging trend. Ningxia, as a part of Gansu Province, also joined the revolution, and established the revolutionary military government. However, the conservative forces were too strong; the revolutionaries were immediately repressed by Ma Qi "Western forces", forced to compromise with the warlords, retreated out of Ningxia. At this time, Ma Fuxiang suppressed the revolution in Ningxia, but with a keen political sense of smell, he gradually recognized the situation, followed the trend with mediation and "in favor of the republic." In 1912, Ma Fuxiang was appointed to the Military Officer of Ningxia, With many years of political prestige, he reorganized by the military expansion and the annexation of other armed forces in Ningxia, suppressed rebellion, associated with Ma Qi to expel "GanSu Director" Zhang guang Jian, gradual shift from a two or three rate role of the warlords into a celebrity sat in Northwest. Although the fight against Zhang guang Jian failed, but Ma Fuxiang's ruling family in Ningxia did not waver, and successfully extended to Suiyuan area.ChapterⅢresearched the Ningxia ruled by Ma Hongbin. During the Ningxia province, Feng Yuxiang's subordination Men zhizhong and Ji Hongchang had successively become the governor, but the Ma family's influence in Ningxia and control did not be subverted. In order to facilitate the discussion, I put it into the Ma Hongbin's ruling period. In 1921, Ma Fuxiang took up the post of director in Suiyuan, the commander of Ningxia was taken over by his nephew Ma Hongbin. During this ime, Ma Hongbin opened smoke ban, expanded the army, under the care of Ma fuXiang, he gained the rapid advancement in his career skyrocket. However, cloud lying wave of Republican political cunning, brutal competition law of the jungle, so that anything was unpredictable. After the national army stationed in the Northwest, all the local warlords had to obey it because of the small strength power, subordinate under his command, Ma Hongbin also in its columns. Since then, "Ning ma" divided the bet of the fate, Ma Fuxiang became an officer which supported Chiang Kai-shek, Ma Hongbin took orders from Feng Yuxiang until the end of the war the Central Plains. Although Ma Hongbin came into power three times in Ningxia, but the later two times, he hastily withdraw troops, as the victim of power struggle. "Incident of Leima" broke its promise, and Mafu Xiang's death made him fallen from grace, and finally had to end his history In Ningxia's rule, giving place to Ma Hongkui.Ma Hongkui ruled in Ningxia for 17 years, since served as governor of Ningxia in 1933 to follow the Chiang Kai-shek regime fled to Taiwan in 1949. The author divided it into three periods. Chapter IV researched the Ningxia ruled by Ma Hongkui early, which from 1933 to 1937. Ma Hongkui is the eldest son of Mafu Xiang, a wunderkind under the shade of his father, during in capital he became an adept to gain advantage from both sides. After the national army came into Ganshu, Ma Hongkui first sought refuge to Feng, afterward, he listen to the recommendations of his father intended to support Mr Jiang, attempting to gain a share in the Central Plains. It was only because of lack achievement in suppressing CCP, in addition his father's death, Ma Hongkui lost the inward backer, fully aware the interest, in 1933 he led on 15 Army difficult to return Ningxia. After becoming governor of Ningxia, Ma Hongkui push aside Ma Hongbin side's forces, continue to spare no effort to intercept and attack the Red Army, and joint the other three Mas (Ma Hongbin, Ma Bufang, Ma Buqing) success against Sun Dianying into Ning, gradually gain a firm foothold in Ningxia. Specifically, the Communist forces also had a long march to victory in the infiltration of Ningxia, and once established the first in our history Hui autonomous county government-Yu Hai Hui autonomous county government.Chapter V researched the Ningxia ruled by Ma HongKui in the Anti-Japanese War. since the "9·18" incident, Japan occupied the Northeast of China, he gave extending its tentacles of aggression to the Pacific Northwest, they pretend "national self-determination", creating "back home" on the cover, attempting to split the Northwest, create a second Manchukuo Chiang Kai-Shek and Ma Hongkui had always maintained a high degree of vigilance, destructed the Puppet spy activities many times, and gradually give up the "stabbing outside Home Safe" policy, together with the Communists. Anti-Japanese War broke out; the Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist governments hold high the "nationalism" the great banner of nation-wide social mobilization. Ning ma warlords unite for a variety of considerations, "nationalism" under the banner of the Central Committee of the Reduction and Reorganization of the War made a great contribution. However, all this was to protect family interests and the domain as the prerequisite, Ma Hongkui though shouting Anti-Japanese War, but actively anti-Communist. and the juvenile's field military first aid team had been restricted, anti-Japanese national united front was destructed.ChapterⅥresearched the Ningxia ruled by Ma HongKui in the War of Liberation. After the victory, Chiang Kai-side name of a democratic coalition government in the guise of peace talks with various parties, on the other side, he actively deployed military forces begin anti-communist. Ningxia adjacent to Shaanxi, it became a natural anti-Communist front positions, and Ma Hongkui would also like to take this opportunity to expand the domain. Ma Hongbin, Ma Hongkui attacked on the liberated areas many times, but they failed at last and suffered heavy losses. In the later Liberation War, the pressure of war forced Chiang Kai-shek began transferring more power to "Ning ma" and "Qing ma" in hope that they can cooperate closely to keep the Northwest. However, under the system of interest, such cooperation was difficult to achieve unity of effect, in addition to infighting that suspicion, as a joint paper talk. In 1949, faced with two choices, in the Communist Party of powerful military and political campaign, Ma Hongbin led his troops in the uprising, decided to stand to the side of the people, Ma Hongkui finally fled to Taiwan.ChapterⅦresearched the Ningxia politics ruled by Ma HongKui. Form of the Kuomintang regime built in 1928 and Chiang Kai-shek "unified" country, the relationship between central and local patterns ushered in a new historical stage; the state control power was greatly strengthened. However, because of its unique history, culture and ethnic and religious factors in Ningxia, Kuomintang forces was difficult to access, where warlords still adhere to the rule of management. But this time, especially ruled by Ma Hongkui, it had been completed by the old warlord warlords to the evolution of new warlords that clearly support the central and obey their leaders, weakened separatist color. Central force was been successful excluded, while Ma Hongkui also continue to strengthen the internal rule, military and political power in one set to "group mentality," the name of ideological indoctrination and obedience underlying sense of loyalty. In addition, he also strengthened the secret rule; restrict public freedom, democracy and progress and the slaughter people and the Communist Party dictatorship in Ningxia for high pressure. Economy, Ma Hongkui open up sources, and vigorously pursued a variety of monopoly and monopoly, in the rapid expansion of families of wealth, but also to the emerging industry of Ningxia shrinking, "Development of Northwest" little effectiveness. However, in education, the Ma Hongkui supporting the establishment of Sino-Arab school, the reform of traditional education by the Church, for the Ningxia Hui and cultural development of national education and has done some useful work should be worthy of recognition.2. Basic ViewpointIn Early 20th century, under the impact of the 1911 Revolution, feudal authoritarian regime in existence two thousand years collapsed. The concept of democracy and freedom began to flourish in the new context of the growing political power. However, neither the Beiyang government nor Chiang Kai-shek suffered the challenges of all kinds of thoughts and local warlords in their reconstruction process of political authority, as well as the lack of an effective control means and power, feudal separatism replayed in the history of the Republic of China. Ningxia was located at western China, because the central government's control was particularly weak, so "Ning ma" warlord's chaoses gradually form. According to various conditions and its own weak force, "Ning ma" also had a strong dependence, in addition to the exclusive warlords there. To some extent, its feudal separatism situation based on the obedience to the Central Committee, thus leading to different political trajectories existed in the development of Ningxia during the Republic of China.; the process was very complex.There were complex ethnic relations among the nationalities in Ningxia during the Republic of China, although the large-scale ethnic killing in revenge did not occur in Hui and Han, but the two sides of the barrier and the conflict was not relieved due to the "democratic republic". Because of the vacuum left by the Qing government's destruction, the factions of Hui and Han set up a separatist regime by forces; the competing for king was very intense."Ning ma" warlords took "Cooperation without Alliance" political strategy to the Central Government or the big warlord, his ruling essence was a political tool to maintain their family ruling service. Obeyed the central leadership directly, attached to larger warlords, can make their rule into the "orthodox" and "democracy" aspect, and did not give a handle to others, and can get their protection, as respected by other warlords; but "obedience" did not mean any of his mercy, while adhering on the big warlords and the central authorities, "Ning ma" maintained its independence, to gain greater autonomy and financial authority, make their family ruling more stable.Virtually, the rule of "Ning ma" warlords in the Ningxia was family ruling on feudal separatism, and only family members (including Li Yunxiang and other cronies) can be trust and put in a important position. The other foreigners, in particular officials of the KMT Central Committee had been excluded from the Ma family, outside from the core.During the reign of Ningxia, although there were many contradictions, intrigues and mutual advantage, Ma Hongbin and Ma Hongkui had the some interests with the KMT Central Committee in defense of anti-communism.The task and social policy of "Ning ma" warlord was up to their family interests, on the production of what the families of what interests were fully oriented, with the warlord system of compulsory and monopolistic, Ningxia people's livelihood did not improve with the development of modern, but more poor.