The Study Of The History Of The (?)L-(?)NID State

The īl-Khānid state was a direct outcome that the Mongolian Empire expanded ona large scale from twenties to fifties of the thirteenth century, was an alien regime,which the Mongol erected, uniting Turkish nomads in Iran, Iraq and Asia Minor. itsrule was the distinctive characteristic, and its influence was profound.The dissertation is following the fundamental principles of historical materialism.Established in the Mongol conquests and rule of Iran, Iraq and Asia Minor, and basedon a great quantity of historical information, it roundly and systematically studysīl-Khānid politics, economies, foreign relations, culture and their internal logic bysome research means of history, sociology, politics and economy. As a result, thedissertation thoroughly opens out the historical track, basic characteristic, interactionand social significance of īl-Khānid politics, economies, foreign relations and culture.The dissertation trys to achieve the general study of the history of the īl-Khānid statein order to make up the insufficiency of this research in domestic academe circle.The dissertation includes preface, body and conclusion.The preface explains the meaning of the term "īl-Khān", īl-Khānid periods andterritories, and briefly introduces the literature review home and abroad.The body is composed of six parts: Part 1 introduces the Mongol conquest westward thrice from twenties to fifties ofthe thirteenth century. Nomadic tribes launched the third impingement upon cultivatedsettled areas, the conquests of Hülegü resulted in the foundation of the īl-Khānid state.Part 2 discusses īl-Khānid political affairs.Prior to the īl-Khānid state theMongolian Empire had setlled the authority on Iranian civil administration through theestablishment of Dīwān and the Oxus province, and formed the early ruling pattern inIran. The basic system of the īl-Khānid state especially in 1260-95 such as īl-Khān andits inheritance system, quriltai, wazīr and dīwān, local administrative system,establishment, currency system and so on, indicated that the īl-Khānid state was adespotic monarch, which the Mongol traditional methods of government immingledwith Islamic system of the Saljuq period. The political relation of the īl-Khānid statewith Yuan Empire was generally intimate,friendly relation of the seignior with suzerain,both not only maintenanced the unification of the Mongolian Empire together, but alsoaccelerated the economic and cultural intercommunion between China, Iran andEurope.Part 3 dissertates the historical background, main contents as well as socialinfluence of Ghazan's reforms.The Mongolian Empire west expeditions, the policy ofunbounded exploitation which drained the pond to get all the fish in the earlyīl-Khānid period, the internal struggle for the authority of īl-Khān and the militaryexpansion abroard, those above-mentioned factors resulted in the social, economiscrisis which the early īl-Khānid state faced. On the other hand, influenced by Islamicculture and its living style, the khan Ghazan met needs of the developed feudaleconomic base and the superstructure, converted to Islam, practised the military fiefsystem, abolished taxation contract system, carried out a new fiscal system,reorganized legal structure, recovered and developed agriculture, industry andcommerce. Ghazan's reforms greatly recovered and developed the social economywhich were destroyed during the pre-Ghananid period in Iran and Iraq, and roundlybrought about a total transformation in the character of the Mongol rule of the laterīl-Khānid period(1295-1355). In the end, the īl-Khānid state was Islamized.Part 4 comprehensively analyzes the feudal economies and societies of theIlkhanate.The Ilkhanate basically adopted the feudal landownership of the Saljuqperiod, State landownership coexisted with private landownership. Statelandownership under the first īl-Khāns remained dominant and diverse categories oflandownership developing side by side, with the mark of Ghazan's practising themilitary fief system, the private demesne of the lands under the last īl-Khāns ascendedgradually to the leading position, and further development of the iqtā led to thelarge-scale lands of private ownership. The feudal estates under the īl-Khāns made upsuch as arādī-yi dīvānī, injü, arādī-yi vaqfī, mulk, iqtā and the like. Thesocial-economic condition under the first īl-Khāns was quite different from the oneunder the last īl-Khāns. As a whole, the Mongol conquest and the early Ilkhanate wasmarked by the colossal economic decline, in particular the decline of agriculture andurban life, ra'iyyat(mainly peasants)depended on the soil and were attached to thesoil.On the other land, the later Ilkhanate was characterized by something of aneconomic upsurge, especially in agriculture, as a result of the reforma of Ghazan. Theindustry and commerce in some towns and cities revived, and made considerableprogress, Tabrīz as a centre of great city-emporiums surpassed Baghdad, īl-Khānidcommerce was marked by the prosperous transit trade.Part 5 elucidates the policy and practice of īl-Khānid foreign relation. Hostility tothe Mamlūks in Egypt and Syria continued to be the basic feature of īl-Khānid foreignpolicy. The enmity resulted in a series of Mongol invasions of Syria, which playedhavoc with Syrian people and the Ilkhanid Mongols themselves. But, the failure ofMongol invasions of Syria helped the later īl-Khānid state change its traditional policy.In addition, the īl-Khānid state set frequently out envoys for the Christian West. It wasdoubtful that the īl-Khāns seriously hoped to seek a military alliance with the Christianstates. Attempts at alliance with Christendom, objectively speaking, advanced theeconomic and cultural intercommunion between the Orient and the Occident.Part 6 illustrates the cultural boom in the īl-Khānid period and its reasons. For thewholly Ilkhanate, protecting and encouraging cultural and educational undertakings,the relatively stable political situation, the tolerant policy of religion, especiallycarrying out Islamization, keeping a political, economic, cultural affinity with YuanDynasty in China, played a very considerable part in the prosperity of Persianculture.In the end, a conclusion about making a dialectical analysis of the impact of theMongol west expeditions and the īl-Khānid rule is drawn on the base of historicalmaterialism.