A Study Of Relationship Between Galdan's Tsungar And Qing Dynasty

This thesis comprehensively discusses the political relationship, economic exchanges and military conflicts between Galdan's Tsungar (1672—1697) and Qing Dynasty, on the basis of full use of key documents such as Mengwen laodang (The Mongolian Archival Materials in Taizong Era of the Qing Dynasty), Menggu tang dang (the Mongolian Archival Materials of Mongolian Office of Grand Secretariat in the Qing Dynasty), Kangxi qijuzhu ce (Imperial Diary of Kangxi, the part of the thirty fifth year of the Kangxi) and other related documents like Shuomo fanglue and Qinbian jilue, in order to reveal historical picture of relationship between the two polities during the 25 years.The paper consists of introduction, thesis main text and conclusion.The introduction discusses reason for choose the topic, significance of the research, related studies undertaken at home and abroad, basic materials and methods the author uses in the paper.The Main body of the thesis is composed of five chapters.Chapter one reviews relationship between Tsungar and inland of China, and process in which Galdan as a leader united the areas in south and north of the Tianshan Mountain. The author puts forward new points in Galdan's earlier activities, such as being recognized as reincarnation of living Buddha Dben sa sprul sku when he was 9 years old, starting his study in Tibet at the age of 13, and the fact that he never returned to Tibet after he left there in 1666. He officially restored his secular status, being entitled as Hong Taiji when he was 29 in 1672.Chapter two expounds the fact that Tsungar and Qing Dynasty sent envoys each other, and exchanged commodities.1, The paper examines galdan's attitude toward Qing Dyansty, with the first time explosion of Galdan's letters to the emperor Kangxi, written in Todo Mongolian script, that are found among archives preserved in the Grand Secretariat of Qing Dynasty. The author argues that Galdan initiatively contacted the Qing at beginning to obtain recognition and support for his political position, by careful managing contradictions and debates with the Manchu polity and avoiding make any direct conflicts with it. The Qing responded positively to his policy, by canceling restriction of visits of envoys from Tsungar and encouraging trade between the two parties. As a result Galdan sent envoys to the Qing yearly and had kept peaceful relationship for 16 years with it until 1688.2, According to records in relevant archives and Shuomo fanglue, the paper explores in details the reason why envoy Kitat's diplomatic corps visited Tsungar, their activities in Tsungar and their effect on development of relationship the two polities, and represents political relationship between them and its changes.3, The chapter outlines development of trade, with further exploitation of relevant documents, and points out that Tsungar had long term, sustainable and increasing trade relations with the Qing, which was another flourishing period of trade development between Mongolian area and Chinese' inland in 200 years since Esen, actual leader of Mongol areas at that time, who promoted the economic ties with the Ming Dynasty.4, The chapter argues that the so-called "tributary trade" (Chaogong maoyi) relationship between Tsungar and Qing did not exist, as any suzerain-subject relations were not established between them. Their economic ties were trade relations rather than relations based on presentation of tribute.5, The chapter further puts forward some new points on involvements from Tsungar and the Qing into affairs of Koknor and Alashan Ogelud Mongols, utilizing some new first hand materials.Chapter three researches conflicts between Tsungar and he Qing from a new perspective, and reaches new conclusions.1, Conflict between them rose from seizing Khafidha Mongols. That is, both of them wanted to annex the Khalkha, although they used different strategies to achieve the same aim. Kangxi took more flexible tactic to make situation be favorable to the Qing, mediating internal dissensions in the Khalkha to prevent Galdan to invade the area. When mediation was not effective and Galdan set up attack the Khalkha, Kangxi immediately adjusted his policy, giving up policy for preventing war between the two Mongol groups, to benefit from their conflicts. He hoped eastern Khalkha banners to be defeated by Galdan's troop, as the Qing could conquer the latter from the expected result. The Qing court not only did not send army to stop Galdan's offence into the Khalkha, but also attempted to stop the eastern Khalkha banners and Alasha Ogelud Mongol banners to hit back at Galdan's troop. After those banners were forced to yield and pledge allegiance to the Qing, the Manchu court adapted again their tactic to prevent Galdan's invasion as far as possible, deploying troops in frontiers for defend the Qing territory from Galdan's assault.2, After the campaign between the Qing and Tsungar in 1688, Kangxi promised Galdan that the Qing would hand Tushiyet khan and Jebtsundamba over Galdan, and send back Mongols from seven Khalkha banners to their original homeland to restore Khalkha's status as buffer area. Official historians of the Qing court fabricated a false pretext that Galdan did swear that he would never offence the Khalkha area any more, in order to conceal the passive position of the Qing dynasty.3, The chapter makes inquiry into various aspects of the first campaign between Galdan and Qing dynasty, Olgoi Campaign, such as reason, military forces, equipment, tactics and commanders of the two sides, on the basis of reports produced by Tsungar, Qng and Russian at that time.4, The author puts forward his own view of point in studies of Campaign of Ulaan-butung. According to result from his own fieldwork in the ground where the war took place and related records, he puts that the fighting had no clear winner and loser at end, in the battle the Qing suffered from heavier causalities than their rival in fact. Even when the Qing troop had advantageous position, they lost opportunity to win Galdan completely, since the latter escaped from the ground successfully. As a cost for lose, Kangxi had to initiate three expeditions to Mongolian area to defeat Galdan.Chapter four focus on the first and second attacks Kangxi launched to crush Galdan. Authorputs forward new points on the facts such as Galdan's retreated after giving up the Kerulun river basin, the campaign of Tsuun-modu as decisive battle between Tsungar and Qing dynasty, and Kangxi's decision in the second attack to Tsungar.Chapter five describes result of the relationships between Tsungar and Qing Dynasty, analyzing internal and external reasons for failure of Galdan, and illustrates the third attack of Kangxi to Galdan.Conclusion brings about break-through, progress the paper has achieved in the study of the topic, and its weakness and limitation as well, and proposes a plan to perfect the research in future.