| Through a thousand years of recommendation, adaptation and innovation of traditional Chinese medical science, Japan had developed its own medical thought simply from pure imitation to some innovations according to her own physical condition, the climate, geography and other conditions. Kanpo medicine initiated the process of traditional Chinese medicine's japanization, which was more obvious and more vigorous in early modern Japan.With the development of Kanpo medicine in the 16th century, four main schools were formed, which were"the school of later generations","the school of classical prescriptions","the school of compromising"and"the school of textual analyses".In the late 15th century, Tasiro Sannki first recommended Li-Zhu medicine of Jin-Yuan Dynasty, which meant"the school of later generations"was formed as the first school of Kanpo medicine. Tasiro Sannki was respected as the founder of"the school of later generations". Furthermore, due to Tasiro Sannki's disciple Manase Dousan's efforts, Li-Zhu medicine which was introduced by Tasiro Sannki was accepted extensively in Japan. Manase Dousan appreciated the Chinese culture profoundly. However, in the long-term medical practice, he recognized that the Chinese traditional medicine was alien to the native culture, so it should not be followed blindly and need to"be changed". In this respect, through making full use of the Chinese traditional medicine, Manase Dousan put forward"the treatment based on differentiation of syndromes", a complete theory system, which became the basis for Kanpo medicine's independent development.The number of medical specialists accepted Manase Dousan's medical theory. In the first half of Tokugawa period,"the school of later generations"as the dominant school of Kanpo medicine continued the process of traditional Chinese medicine's japanization.The reasons for the rise of"the school of later generations"were as follows: 1 the introduction of medicine of Ming Dynasty. In Adutimomoyama period, due to the navigational technology's development, studying in China was accessible to the Japanese medical specialists. When they came back to Japan, they played very important role for Kanpo medicine. 2 the frequent intercourse between China and Japan. The latest medical books were imported to Japan 3 the technology progress on printing and the publication of many medical books. During Hideyoushi's invasion into Korea, they collected a lot of printing machine which were taken to Japan. As a result, many medical books from China were reprinted many times, such as"wan bing hui chun", which was reprinted over 18 times. Due to medical books'access,"the school of later generations"became dominant. 4 in the Adutimomoyama period, because of the endless war, the people suffered the malnutrition, mental anxiety and so on. Accordingly, wenbu was necessary for the"xu syndrome"patients as the main method of"the school of later generations". 5 Manase Dousan founded the first medicine school"the enlightenment school"in Japan."The enlightenment school"not only helped the medicine get away from the medieval mysterious religious thought, but also spread Manase Dousan's medical theory and"the school of later generations".In mid-Edo period,"the school of classical prescriptions"of Kanpo medicine emerged. The reasons for its rise were as follows: 1 under the influence of great favor of"Treaties on Febrile disease"."cuojian congding"recommended by Fang Youzhi signified the summit of studies on"Treaties on Febrile disease". When the relevant studies on"Treaties on Febrile disease"were introduced to Japan, as a result,"the school of classical prescriptions"was formed. 2 because of social tide and the development of natural science, the neo-confucianism of Chu His'influence shrank. Ito Jinsai, as the key figure, launched the movement"back to the ancients"in Confucianism, and tried to take place of Ying Yang Five Elements philosophy by positivism philosophy. Since Jin-Yuan medicine, which was deeply influenced by the neo-confucianism of Chu His, seemed to contradict the latest development of natural science. As a result the tide of"back to the ancients"got its response in medicine. 3"the school of later generations"as the dominant school was in trouble of the abuse of wenbu. 4 in mid-Edo period, economic prosperity, luxury and fashionable life resulted in the infectious diseases, such as syphilis."The school of classical prescriptions"argued that the ancient medicine which was based on the observation and the purely practical experience, exclued from the Yin Yang theory, so it was valuable."The school of classical prescriptions"laid the foundation of focusing on the medical experience and recommending the ancient prescriptions. It was"back to the ancient prescription"and experience-centered medicine that characterized"the school of classical prescriptions".First, Gotou Konzan, who advocated the theory of"stagnation of qi", was respected as the very founder of"the school of classical prescriptions"in terms of Kanpo medicine's japanized process. Yoshimasu Todo, as another key figure in"the school of classical prescriptions", adopted the essence of"Treaties on Febrile disease"and his own medical experience. His work, such as"lei ju fang"and"yao zheng", approached the summit"The school of classical prescriptions". In addition,"abdominal diagnosis",as the basic method of"Treaties on Febrile disease", was advocated and specified by Yoshimasu Todo, which not only could be thought as the proper response to contemporary social and medical tide, but also catered to the Japanese national character of focusing on the simplicity and unadorned. So it played the main role in developing Kanpo medicine, and influenced other schools till now."The school of later generations", in contrast to"the school of classical prescriptions"simplified the theory. Furthermore, from Gotou Konzan's"stagnation of qi"to Yoshimasu Todo's"the only source of all illness is poison"and then transition to Yoshimasu Nanngai's"the theory of qi, blood and fluid", these changes signified the transition from focusing on mental analyses to experience-centered method. The transition from mental analyses to experience-centered method approached new direction of Kanpo medicine."The school of classical prescriptions"recommended the experience-centered method, viewed the clinical experience as the sole criterion for medical theories, and refused to recognize other theories which could not be explained by the experience-centered method and referred to the nature or the reasons as"metaphysics"were rejected. Undoubtedly,"the school of classical prescriptions"excessively recommending the experience-centered method could trap in a subjective idealism, and to some extent may result in abandoning some valuable theory and hindered the development of Kanpo medicine.Due to the confrontation between"the school of later generation"and"the school of classical prescription","the school of compromising"emerged simultaneous. From the viewpoint of academic,"the school of compromising"argued that combining the ideas at all times and taking advantage of all thoughts. At the same time, Western medicine was also introduced to Japan. As we have said that the experience-centered method of"the school of classical prescription"was similar to the modern natural science, so it was favorably accepted by them. Then some medical specialists conducted the dissect operation, practiced the principles of western medicine, and even compromised Kanpo medicine with western medicine, which resulted in the emergence of"the school of Kan-Ran compromising medicine". For example, Kagawa Gennetu studied the malposition in 1765 and Hanaoka Seisyuu operated the first case on breast cancer worldwide in 1805.At the last stage of Tokugawa bakufu, the traditional medicine had mainly separated from"the school of compromising", which leaded to the emergence of"the school of textual analyses"。Then this school became dominant. The reasons for the rise of"the school of textual analyses"were as follows: 1"the school of later generations"and"the school of classical prescriptions"contradicted each other, as a result, it was necessary to clarify the questions through textual analyses. 2 after lifting off the ban on western books, the relevant studies on textual analyses in China were accessible to the scholars in Japan, accordingly,"the school of textual analyses"emerged in medicine. This school paid more attention to the classic-centered emendation, textual analyses, compilation and bibliographic research. They edited so many outstanding books which had their academic value till now. In Edo period, we found that not only most of Chinese medicine books had Japanese editions, but also those Japanese Kanpo medicine specialists published their own works. And the most famous embranchment of"the school of textual analyses"were the Taki family。Another achievement of the Taki family was the establishment of"ji shou school", which was renamed"edo medical school"as the first official medical school."Edo Medical School"as the center of Kanpo medicine lasted over 103 years for training the medical specialists and played profound role in the history of Kanpo medicine in Edo period.In terms of medicine, Kanpo medicine dominated till Meiji restoration. In 1869, the Meiji government implemented the comprehensive westernized policy, as a result, the qualification of Kanpo medicine doctors were rejected by the parliament of Japan, Kanpo medicine was on the edge of dying out.However, after the Russo-Japan war, in 1910 Wada Keijurou argued the advantages of Kanpo medicine in"ikainotettui", which signified the renaissance of Kanpo medicine. In 1927, yumotokyuusinn reappraised Kanpo medicine in"koukannigaku", which initiated the process of flourish of Kanpo medicine. In 1970s, influenced by"the traditional Chinese medicine tide", through the Japanese efforts, Kanpo medicine became prosperous.
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