Research On The Anatomy Literature Of Traditional Chinese Medicine In Qing Dynasty

BackgroundHuman anatomy is a basic medical discipline to study the morphology and structure of normal human body and its development.It is an integral part in both Chinese and Western medical systems.However,influenced by many factors,such as historical condition,national culture and so on,Traditional Chinese Medicine anatomy has failed to form a systematic specialized subject,which leads many people to regard anatomy as a prominent shortboard of TCM in the comparative study of TCM and Western medicine.In fact,in the process of constructing the basic theoretical system of viscera and meridians,TCM does not lack the support of anatomical knowledge.In early ancient years,its level is even ahead of Europe,but it has not been able to develop in the future.Since modern times,scholars have analyzed and studied TCM anatomy from various angles,including the causes of the slow development of TCM anatomy,the historical data of anatomy in the history of Chinese medicine,the relationship between anatomy and the theoretical system of TCM.However,it is still insufficient to systematically sort out and summarize the characteristics of the times in the light of the social academic background.In Qing Dynasty,China experienced many changes in social nature,academic trend of thought and so on.The development of TCM anatomy in this period also showed corresponding characteristics.Therefore,this paper makes a textual analysis and research on the representative works of TCM anatomy in Qing Dynasty from the perspective of documentation and history,with a view to providing references for the supplement and improvement of Chinese medical history and the establishment of TCM anatomy discipline as well as standardization of TCM anatomy nouns.ObjectiveIn this paper,the Qing Dynasty is divided into early,middle and late periods according to the important historical events and academic background.Selecting the representative works of TCM anatomy in each period,the author makes a textual analysis and research from the aspects of the background of writing,academic characteristics,anatomical achievements and shortcomings,aiming at systematically sorting out the history of TCM anatomy in the Qing Dynasty,summarizing its development characteristics,and providing a supplement to the history of Chinese medicine,helping to promote the standardization of TCM anatomical terms and help us to study and utilize ancient books related to bone injuries,acupuncture and moxibustion in TCM.MethodsBy using the methods of documentation,exegetics,history,comparative analysis,induction and deduction,this paper makes a comprehensive analysis and study on the author's life,background of writing,content characteristics,achievements and shortcomings of representative works of TCM anatomy in different periods of Qing Dynasty,and makes a key textual research on the anatomical terms in Shi gu and Yilin Gaicuo.Results1.Anatomy in China began in ancient times,originated in Xinmang time,developed in Jin and Tang Dynasties,flourished in Northern Song Dynasty,spread in Ming Dynasty and ended in Qing Dynasty.The word "anatomy" appeared in Huang Di Nei Jing for the first time,which had a relatively systematic knowledge of anatomy.The Northern Song Dynasty was the peak of the development of anatomy in China.In the Qing Dynasty,there were innovative activities in anatomy,but after the late Qing Dynasty,with the widespread dissemination of Western anatomy,the reform of TCM Anatomy died in its infancy.2.In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty,influenced by the first Western learning spreading eastward,scholars represented by Fang Yizhi and Wang Honghan actively absorbed the achievements of western human anatomy,and tried to integrate them into the theory of TCM,to integrate Chinese and Western medicine,and to create new theories.However,they had little influence because of their little clinical practical value.3.In the mid-Qing Dynasty,influenced by the spirit of "seeking truth" of Qianjia School,Shen Tong,a scholar of Wu School,made textual research on the terms of human skeleton in Huangdi Neijing with Shuowen Jiezi and Yupian,which is of great value in the study of human skeleton terms,translation of Nei Jing,and the application of acupuncture and moxibustion.Wang Qingren went to graveyards and execution ground to observe corpses and expent 42 years writing his medical sciences for anatomy.He emphasizes the importance of human anatomical structure in clinical treatment.Although making some new discoveries of anatomical tissues,there are many errors in explanation due to lack of comprehensive understanding.Once published,it spreat like wildfire,and got both praise and blame.However,influenced by historical and social factors,its innovative value has not been brought into full play.4.In the late Qing Dynasty,after the Sino-Japanese War,Western anatomy began to spread widely in China from Guangdong.Some Chinese medicine practitioners first came into contact with Western anatomy,and conducted a comparative study of Chinese and Western medicine.Chen Dingtai,Zhou Zhenwu,Luo Dingchang,Zhu Peiwen were taken as representatives to explain viscera,meridians and physiology of TCM from an anatomical point of view.Later,along with the establishment of Western church hospitals popularization of Western medicine works in China,Chinese Medicine has entered modernization,and the development of TCM anatomy has also stopped.Conclusion1.In the Qing Dynasty,the bud of anatomy modernization has appeared in TCM.The publication of Wang Qingren's Ti lin gai cuo attracted many people's attention and research.Some scholars began to raise their heads from studying classical medical books and re-examine the records of human viscera anatomy in ancient books of TCM.However,influenced by historical and social factors,the possibility of TCM anatomy spontaneously entering into modern research was cut off at the germination stage.2.TCM is an inclusive and exclusive discipline system,which is particularly prominent in the development of TCM anatomy in the Qing Dynasty.During the two times of the eastward spreading of Western medicine,the TCM professionals actively absorbed the advanced achievements of Western medicine and tried to integrate them into the theoretical system of TCM.However,From the point of view of Wang Qingren and his Yi lin gai cuo,TCM has also showed its exclusiveness.It is very difficult for theories and knowledge incompatible with its core pillar theory to enter this system and be recognized.At the same time,TCM is a subject that pays great attention to practicality.Although Wang Honghan tried to integrate Chinese and Western medicine as early as the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties,he was ignored because he failed to play a practical role in clinical application.On the other hand,Wang Qingren's theory and method of treating blood stasis have been learned so far because of its outstanding clinical effect.