The Basic Framework And Typical Types Of Coastal Tourism Sustainable Development

Coastal area has been the most active areas in China’s tourism industry, because of its high degree of economic and social development, abundant tourist attractions and complete industrial elements. However, tourism development of high frequency, high strength and high density and industrial agglomeration in coastal area, led to a series of ecological issues, which will endanger the sustainable development of coastal tourism.As a major tourist destination and industry factors accumulation area, coastal area has always been a top priority in Shandong province tourism industrial distribution. Moreover, coastal tourism has also been established one of the eight dominant industries in the Shandong peninsula blue economic zone, will have a wide development prospect.Accompanying with the rapid development of tourism industry, a series of ecological issues emergences, which include the negative effect on the environment and resource. However, compared with abroad studies, domestic researches on coastal tourism sustainable development focus on the countermeasure researches, lack of the discussion on basic theory framework and sustainable development particularity of different types of coastal tourism.According to the above, this paper builds a general framework of coastal tourism ecosystem by using logical deduction method, which bases on the generality analysis of sustainable development of coastal tourism. And then, this paper studies the particularity, the internal mechanism and key technology of tourism sustainable development in coastal nature reserve, the island and the urban coastline.First of all, this paper defines three concepts: coastal natural ecosystem(CNES), coastal tourism fundamental ecosystem(CTFES), and coastal tourism ecosystem(CTES), through observing and reflecting the ecological problems of China’s tourism industry, coastal tourism industry and tourism industry in Shandong coastal areas, and summarizing the related literatures. Based on this, this paper builds the general framework of CTES and discusses the operational mechanism of CTES by analyzing the elements and elements relationship of CTES, and then builds the general framework of coastal tourism sustainable development.Secondly, according to the general framework, development hot spot of China’s coastal tourism and development status of Shandong’s coastal tourism, this paper sums up three typical types of coastal tourism development: coastal nature reserve, Sea Island and urban coastline. And then, this paper analyzes deeply the particularity of sustainable development of the above three types of coastal tourism.The coastal nature reserve has the following characteristics: high degree of resource scarcity,protection object diversity, and great significance of maintaining species diversity and regionalecological balance and so on. Therefore, the naturality is the most significant characteristic of coastal nature reserve, the expression of the national will and social public welfare is the existence mission of coastal nature reserve. On the one hand, the particularity of CTFES in coastal nature reserve determinates the naturality, specificity and high quality, and low requirements for reception elements of tourism demand; on the other hand, tourism product must be ecological and supply quantity depends mainly on the environment carrying capacity of reserve. Based on these, this paper analyzes the functions and tourism development dynamic system of coastal nature reserve, and then discusses the internal and external increments brought about tourism development and their influences on CTFES. Specifically speaking, internal increments mainly indicate the tourists and a few tourists’ facilities, which have negative effects on natural ecology system of reserve, including environmental pollution and ecological destruction. External increments mainly indicate the increasing factors because of entertaining tourists in peripheral communities surrounding reserve, including the tourism industrial factors, foreign culture and concepts, and all kinds of pollutant discharge, which produce both negative and positive impacts on the economic, ecological and social culture subsystem of CTFES. CNES is the premise and foundation of tourism development in coastal natural reserve.Therefore, it is the key for the sustainable development of tourism industry to maintain the natural ecological balance within coastal natural reserve, and to achieve this balance, it is necessary to pay attention to the function partition, environmental capacity calculation and management within reserve.Furthermore, the paper discusses function partition mode and calculation and management methods of environmental capacity in coastal nature reserve.As a relatively independent coastal region type, Island has unique geographical position, superior natural environment, fragile ecological system, laggard social culture and single economic structure,where fresh water, land resources are extremely scarce and infrastructure conditions are deficient. The above particularities not only determine the seasonality, space integrity, special and high-end products of tourism demand in Sea Island, but also led to high degree of external dependence, high investment cost and economic risk, wide and deep community participation of tourism supply. Based on this judgment, this paper analyzes the evolution phases of “man-land” relationship and the motivations of tourism development in Island, and then discusses the increments brought about island tourism and their influence on island environment, resources, economy and social culture subsystem from the following four aspects: industrial elements, resource consumption and pollutant emissions from industry and foreign culture invasion. Judging from the above, it is the key for the sustainable development of island tourism to guarantee that tourism industry’s labor productivity is higher than other industries in island, that is, to shape and increase competitive advantage of island tourism industry. In order to achieve the advantage, we must maintain and upgrade the island tourismenvironment conditions, supply high-end and special products, and promote the economic contribution of tourism. Therefore, the paper indicates that strict assessment and monitoring is the key technology of sustainable development of island tourism, its scope, thought, content and data collection methods will be discussed.Urban coastline has prominent artificial characteristics, high degree of social economic and cultural development, compound production and life function, and high carrying capacity. The particularities of CTFES not only determine the popularity and diversity of tourism demand and the duality of objective tourists, but also lead to the product diversification, supply subjects diversification and the "many industrial convergence” of tourism supply in urban coastline. Based on these, this paper analyzes function evolution of urban coastline and the motivations of tourism development in coastline areas, and then discusses the real and nominal increments brought about tourism and their influence on CTFES of urban coastline. The result indicates that the sustainable development of coastline tourism not only consider the ecological problems, but also pay attention to the optimization of the overall social and economic system in urban coastline. For this, we must promote the synergy between tourism industry and other industries, which premises that tourism industry must integrate and embed into other industries, or add tourism functions within other industries. Therefore, this paper indicates that industrial convergence is the key technology of the sustainable development of urban coastline tourism, and probes into concrete convergence mode.According to the above theory analysis and actual situation of coastal tourism development in Shandong, this paper takes the Yellow River delta national nature reserve, Yantai long island and west coastline economic district of Qingdao as three typical coastal tourism destination to conduct case study, respectively verify the mechanism and key technology of the sustainable development of tourism industry in coastal nature reserve, sea island and urban coastline. Besides these, some countermeasures are put forward according to their specific problems existing in the development of tourism.Finally, the paper discusses the overall strategy, regional type strategy and technology tactics of the sustainable development of coastal tourism in Shandong.In conclusion, the development of coastal tourism industry has a certain generality from the perspective of system theory, namely that the CTES is a large social-economic compound system added tourists and tourism industrial factors on the basis of CTFES. To realize the sustainable development of the CTES, we should fully utilize the positive feedback effect of the "tourism" elements on other elements. For this, we must find the dynamics of system operation, build a harmonious cooperation mode, and implement strict monitoring and scientific evaluation, and establish reasonable ecological compensation mechanism. Of course, due to different CTFES and functionorientation, the mechanism and key technology of the sustainable development of all types of coastal tourism must be particular. For coastal nature reserve, we should stick to the "deep-green" route, and take countermeasures to maintain the natural ecological balance within reserve. For Sea Island, we should implement the “mid-green” development strategy, and take positive steps to improve the comparative labor productivity. For large urban coastline, "light-green" development mode may be the best way, but we must strengthen the convergence between tourism industry and coastline other industries. Only unifying the generality and particularity internally, we can truly realize the sustainable development of different types of coastal tourism.