| The world’s society and economy are developing rapidly,and the population issue is a hot issue of great concern to all countries in the world.The aging problem is the focus of current research by economists and sociologists.Population aging has become a common social phenomenon in developed countries and some developing countries in the world.It is expected that by 2050,the elderly population will reach2.1 billion.On May 11,2021,the results of China’s seventh national census were announced.China’s population of 60 years and over accounted for more than 18%.In the future,it will face the serious problem of how to balance the long-term average development of the population.Statistics show that China’s population growth is at a stage of low fertility levels,and the total fertility rate is extremely low.Faced with the gradual decline in the country’s fertility rate,China implemented a two-child policy if one of the parents was the only child in 2013,and then on December 31,2015,the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued a decision on the full implementation of the two-child policy for all households.The overall social environment and policy orientation both encourage people to increase the fertility rate,but in reality,the effect has not been as expected,and the reasons are also diverse.People no longer have traditional concepts,blindly pursue "children and grandchildren",and prefer to concentrate more time and energy on one child.Young women are also more concerned about the realization of their own value.Late marriage and late childbirth is also an important reason affecting fertility.It can be seen that with the improvement of the level of social and economic development and the advancement of human thinking and concepts,the influence of policies on behavior is getting lower and lower.These reasons have more or less affected female fertility behaviors,and have not significantly increased the fertility level following the adjustment of policies.According to census data,since China’s two-child policy has been gradually liberalized,the annual population growth has only been more than 3.2 million,and it is still at the stage of low fertility.Therefore,under the background of the continuous adjustment of fertility policies,this article attempts to analyze the influencing factors of the second-child reproductive behavior of women of different age groups,and explore the fertility dilemmas and solutions of women of different age groups.This paper,based on systematic literature reviews at home and abroad and theoretical analysis,employs the data of Chinese Family Panel Studies(CFPS)from2012-2016 for regression estimation,and conducts empirical research on the influence of different family planning on the likelihood of having another child for women of different age groups,and on the correlation between different contributing factors and the likelihood of having another child for women of different age groups.I hope I can propose effective countermeasures for improving the social fertility rate through the research on the factors influencing fertility behavior of women of childbearing age.The empirical results in this article show that: under the two-child policy in2013,the probability of giving birth to two children of women of childbearing age in single families aged from 30 to 35 has increased significantly;Under the comprehensive two-child policy in 2015,the probability of women of childbearing age in non-independent families has increased to varying degrees.Meanwhile,under the comprehensive two-child policy,the samples were grouped according to the urban and rural attributes of the family,and then the heterogeneity regression analysis was carried out.The probability of giving birth to two children of women in the experimental group(non-independent families)was significantly improved.Among them,the occurrence probability of urban family women’s second child behavior will be significantly affected by the factors such as house property right,area,family income and cost of raising children;The occurrence probability of the second child bearing behavior of rural family women is more affected by the gender(girl)of the first child and the cognitive level of family succession,indicating that rural people still have the idea of raising children to let them supporting family.This article also studies the second child bearing of women of different ages from the two levels of family characteristic factors and individual characteristic factors,groups the women under the comprehensive two-child policy by age,and selects some control variables for regression analysis.According to the empirical analysis results,the follow-up related policies will give relevant age-matched suggestions based on individual and family factors for women of different age groups:(1)Under the background of the cross-the-board implementation of two-child policy,employment and income pressure are the main factors alienating women aged 20-29 from having another child.In this case,the government,under the open childbirth policy,can reduce the odds of affecting income and position in the workplace for women in this age group due to having another baby.The supporting measures include: offering paid maternity leave,extending maternity leave and reducing personal income tax.(2)Under the background of the cross-the-board implementation of two-child policy,the transformation of fertility concept is the major factor preventing women aged 30-35 from having another child.Other factors,such as their source of income,financial state,high child rearing costs and the problem of registered permanent residence,also concern those women.The government can provide more preferential birth policies for women who live in urban areas but have non-local registered permanent residence,so that they can have easier access to the preferential medical and educational resources,which is more conducive to women in this age group to have more children.(3)Under the background of the cross-the-board implementation of two-child policy,the imperfect social security system and high risk of fertility are the main factors of 36-45-year-old women’s unwilling to have a second child.In this condition,first,community health centers and hospitals should provide more tiered medical services to ensure that older mothers aged over 35 can be transferred to more specialized hospitals for tiered treatment in the first time when they are in a critical condition.Second,more public and non-profit child-care institutions should be opened to meet the needs of women in this age group to take care of their children and reduce their burden of child-care,so as to increase the chance of fertility for women in this age group.This paper also includes some shortcomings related to the contents,and offers future research directions,expecting to provide more suggestions for the implementation of supporting policies of the open three-child policy. |
PDF Full Text Request