| The ear cup,also known as the "feather cup",was not only a common vessel,but also a reflection of the changes of the times,leaving an indelible mark in the long history.The ear cup has a wide influence,rich and diverse materials,and has existed for a long time.It can still be seen until the Sui and Tang Dynasties.The academic circles mostly focus on the emergence of the ear cup and the prosperous period of the Han Dynasties,the later period of Wei,Jin and Sui and Tang dynasties is rarely studied.On the basis of fully collecting the information of ear cups unearthed from the tombs from Wei,Jin to Sui And Tang dynasties,this paper studies and analyzes the materials by using archaeological methods.This paper makes a typological study and classification of ear cups,discusses the temporal and spatial rules of the shape change,and tries to connect these changes with the social,historical and cultural changes,so as to form a comprehensive understanding of the development of the ear cup,and discusses the evolution of the late popularity of the ear cup.This paper mainly includes three parts:Firstly,the archaeological findings of ear cups unearthed from tombs from Wei and Jin dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties were sorted out according to the materials.A total of 584 ear cups of different materials have been collected,which were unearthed in Henan,Gansu,Jiangsu,and other regions,indicating that ear cups from Wei and Jin dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties were widely used as funerary objects.Then the type of ear cups was analyzed and their staging and chronology were analyzed.A total of 336 ceramic ear cups were selected and divided into 2 types and 5 types according to the characteristics of mouth and ear.According to the shape change of the ear cup,it can be divided into four stages,and its evolution law can be summarized as follows:the mouth edge gradually develops from flat mouth to upwarping at both ends;The ear grows from upturned to flush with the rim of the cup and below the rim.Both the number and type showed a trend of gradual increase and then sharp decrease.Reference in the tombs with very clear calendar features,combined with the typical characteristics of the artifacts and its combination,tomb shape and other factors,it is concluded that:the first period is the Cao to early Western Jin Dynasty(Jin emperor wudi period),the second period is Western Jin Dynasty,the third period is Eastern Jin Dynasty,the fourth period is the Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui and Tang dynasties.Finally,the regional and functional differences of ear cups were analyzed and summarized.According to the times and regional characteristics of the ear cup,the characteristics of the central core region,the northern border region and the southern region are discussed.The central core region is the birthplace of the ear cup,and the regional political changes are closely related to the rise and decline of the ear cup.The change of the ear cup in the northern border area was closely related to the diplomacy and expansion of the Han regime.In the southern region,the central plains culture brought by the southward migration of Jin people in the Eastern Jin Dynasty had a significant impact on the local ear cups.The functional changes and development of ear cups are also regular.During the Period of Wei and Jin Dynasties,under the background of the policy of "thin burial" and the social turmoil,a large number of ear cup funerary objects appeared.In the Eastern Jin Dynasty,there were many sets of platewith ear cups,which proved the function of sacrificial funerary objects.The silver ear cup witnessed the evolution process of Chinese traditional culture’s absorption,integration and re-creation of foreign culture.In the Sui and Tang Dynasties,the ear cups buried in tombs were extremely rare,actually they did not disappear,but combined into a new look,showing the inclusive style of Chinese culture,enrich the cultural connotation of Chinese artifacts. |
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