| The theory of Chinese medicinal food was developed rapidly during the Wei,Jin,Sui and Tang dynasties,and gradually matured during the Song and Yuan dynasties.In order to further investigate the characteristics of the Song and Yuan dynasties,this thesis uses historical and bibliographic methods to study the contents of medicinal food in the writings on health,herbal medicine and prescription books during the Song and Yuan dynasties.Using the methods of summarisation,analysis and comparison,and classification and statistics,the study of medicinal food in the Song and Yuan dynasties is conducted from four perspectives:food nourishment,food treatment,food medicine and food prohibition,in order to explore the basic characteristics of Song and Yuan medicinal food.This thesis provides an overview of the concepts and literature related to medicinal cuisine before studying the content of medicinal cuisine in the Song and Yuan dynasties.Through searching for related monographs,we define the concept and research scope of "medicinal food" and "medicinal food science",analyze the background of the Song and Yuan dynasties,and identify specific research literature.During the Song and Yuan dynasties,China’s feudal economy continued to develop and ethnic intermingling was further strengthened.The relatively stable social environment,strong material foundation,scientific and technological progress,and the development of the maritime industry and the intermingling of multiple ethnic groups contributed to the development of the food industry and medicinal cuisine,and the invention of printing also provided the conditions for the production and transmission of works on medicinal food.As a result,there was a steady flow of works on medicinal food and health during this period.By consulting the "Zhong Guo Zhong Yi Gu Ji Zong MU",47 kinds of ancient literature related to medicinal food in the Song and Yuan dynasties were initially screened.These include not only the more widely researched works on health care,such as the Yang Lao Feng Qing Shu and the Yin Shan Zheng Yao,but also works on herbal medicine,such as the Ben Xin Zhai Shu Shi Pu and the Ri Yong Ben Cao,as well as works on prescriptions,such as the Su Shen Nei Han Liang Fang and the Ji Shi Quan Sheng Zhi Mi Fang.In addition,works related to medicinal food records also include non-medical works such as "History of Chinese Diet" and "Song-Yuan Notes and Novels",but due to time problems,this thesis does not cover the content of medicinal food in non-medical writings for the time being,and the related contents will be left for further expansion in the future.Through the preliminary collation and screening of these 47 ancient books,we sorted out the representative works with strong relevance to the content of medicinal food,and finally identified the research literature as the Song Dynasty health care works,such as the Yang Lao Feng Qing Shu,the Bao Sheng Yao Lu,the She Sheng Yue Ling,the Shou Qing Yang Lao Xin Shu,the Hun Su Yi Sheng Lu,the Song Dynasty prescription books,such as the Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang and the Sheng Ji Zong Lu,and the Yuan Dynasty health care works,such as the San Yuan Can Zan Yan Shou Shu,the Yin Shan Zheng Yao,the Shan Ju Si Yiao,the Si Shi Yi Ji,and the Yuan Dynasty’s herbal works the Ri Yong Ben Cao and the Yin Shi Xu Zhi.The rest of the works are not included in this study for the time being because of the fragmented content of the medicinal food and the little systematic introduction.Mr.Ma Jixing,in his book "Chinese Medicine and Dietetics",proposed that the study of Chinese medicine contains eight aspects:"food theory,food nutrition,food medicine,food treatment,food prohibition,recipes,food history,and food system".This paper selects four widely used aspects:"food nutrition," "food treatment," "food medicine," and "food prohibition," and examines the above-mentioned Song and Yuan dynasties ancient texts with medicinal food content.On this basis,the main features of Song and Yuan medicinal cuisine are analysed and summarised,and the implications of these features for contemporary health care are explored.The study of "food and nutrition" of medicinal food mainly focuses on the Song dynasty health care works "Bao Sheng Yao Lu" and the Yuan dynasty health care works "Si Shi Yi Ji",in which the contents related to "food and nutrition" of medicinal food are sorted out.The study of the characteristics of medicinal food "food nourishment" was mainly carried out from the perspectives of prescription ideas,matching methods,seasonal selection and application scenarios.Analyzing the basic content of the Song-Yuan medicine "food nourishment",in the grouping idea,emphasis is placed on the spleen and stomach nourishment;in the matching method,emphasis is placed on the balance of the five flavors;in the seasonal selection,attention is paid to the appropriate time;in the application scene,the pursuit of longevity and youth.On this basis,the characteristics of the Song and Yuan dynasties medicinal cuisine "food and nutrition" are summarized in four aspects,namely:to protect the spleen and stomach,eating and drinking in moderation;balanced five tastes,careful to prevent partial food;in line with the four seasons,according to the appropriate time;the pursuit of longevity,youth forever.The study of the "food therapy" part of medicinal food mainly focuses on the Song Dynasty health care writings "Yang Lao Feng Qing Shu" and "Shou Qing Yang Lao Xin Shu",and the formula book"Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang" and "Sheng Ji Zong Lu",as well as the most representative ancient text of medicinal food "food therapy"in the Yuan Dynasty.The characteristics of medicinal food "food treatment" in terms of dosage form,ingredient selection,and diseases treated are sorted out and analyzed,and it is summarized that the Song and Yuan dynasties were rich in dosage forms and loved to eat porridge and drank;they were rich in diseases treated,especially in internal medicine,and thus the characteristics of medicinal food "food treatment" are summarized into two aspects,namely:"the abundance of medicinal food forms,the preference for congee and drank,and the manifestation of food culture," and "the variety of diseases treated,especially in internal medicine,and the promotion of disease-specific cuisine".The study of "food and medicine" of medicinal food is mainly based on the Song Dynasty’s health care works "Yang Lao Feng Qing Shu" and "Bao Sheng Yao Lu" as well as the Yuan Dynasty’s health care works "Yin Shan Zheng Yao" "Ri Yong Ben Cao" and "Yin Shi Xu Zhi".The contents of the "food and medicine" aspect of medicinal cuisine are discussed in terms of classification,drug identification and treatment ideas,and ethnic characteristics.The analysis of the relevant ancient texts shows that the Song and Yuan dynasties in the classification of food and medicine,follow each other and have their own characteristics;in the "food and medicine"species identification,pay attention to the differences,clearly distinguish confusing species;in the animal medicine efficacy,subdivision of different parts of the efficacy,pay attention to different parts of the therapeutic effect;in the treatment of ideas,to dirty tonic dirty,to dirty treatment of dirty;in the selection of food and medicine species,more sheep into the meal,highlighting the national characteristics;In the selection of food and medicine species,sheep were mostly used in meals,highlighting the characteristics of ethnic integration in this period.Therefore,the characteristics of"food and medicine" in this period are summarized in four aspects,namely:the classification methods and categories of food and medicine belong to each other and have their own characteristics;pay attention to the differences of food and medicine species and identify confusing food and medicine;subdivide the efficacy of animal medicine parts and follow the idea of "tonic with dirty" to maintain health;a wide variety of medicinal foods and the heavy use of sheep products highlight the ethnic fusion character.The study of the "food prohibition" of medicinal food is mainly based on the Song Dynasty’s health care writings "She Sheng Yue Ling" and "Hun Su Yi Sheng Lu",and the Yuan Dynasty’s health care writings "San Yuan Can Zan Yan Shou Shu","Yin Shan Zheng Yao",and "Shan Ju Si Yao","Si Shi Yi Ji",which collated the "food prohibition" of medicinal food in the selection of individual food and medicine and the combination of multiple food and medicine.It includes the study of the selection of single-flavored food and medicine,the combination of multiple-flavored food and medicine,the attention to dietary habits and the taboos of special groups of people,and the focus on the selection of single-flavored food and medicine,the combination of multiple-flavored food and medicine,and the attention to these taboos of special groups of people such as women and children and patients with diseases.Ultimately,the characteristics of the "food ban" in this period can be summarized in three aspects,namely,eat in accordance with the times,pay attention to the seasonal health,avoid the occasional things;pay attention to food selection and matching taboos,and develop good eating habits,and pay special attention to the dietary taboos of sick or special people.The present study is not limited to the study of the medicinal recipes themselves,but is an analysis and summary of the characteristics of Song and Yuan medicinal recipes from the perspective of medicinal cuisine.Through the collation of the above-mentioned thirteen ancient books on health,herbs,and prescriptions related to the contents of medicinal cuisine in the Song and Yuan dynasties,the four aspects of medicinal cuisine related to "food nourishment,""food treatment,""food medicine,"and "food prohibition" are analyzed.The overall characteristics of Chinese medicine in the Song and Yuan dynasties can be further summarized by sorting out and analyzing the four aspects of "food nutrition","food treatment","food medicine" and"food prohibition" in these four aspects.By combining these four aspects of Song and Yuan dynasty medicinal cuisine,we can get a general idea of the overall appearance of Chinese medicinal cuisine in the Song and Yuan dynasties.Combined with the analysis of the composition and dosage form of medicinal food in the records of "food nourishment" and "food treatment",it is easy to find the emphasis on the concept of spleen and earth nourishment and the care of the middle jiao in the medicinal food therapy in the Song and Yuan dynasties;Combined with the "food treatment" and"food prohibition" contents,the classification of different types of people in the selection of prescriptions and dietary taboos,we can learn that the Song and Yuan dynasties attached great importance to individual differences and the discriminative use of food;combined with the analysis of the frequency of the use of sheep in the"food medicine" and "food treatment" contents and the use of parts and varieties,we can get a glimpse of the ethnic and contemporary characteristics of the Song and Yuan dynasties that attached importance to the use of sheep in food;The subdivision of the efficacy of food and medicine species and parts and the collation of the taboos of food and medicine together with the content of "Food and Medicine" and "Food Prohibition" can reflect the importance of paying attention to the taboos of medicine and choosing suitable medicine meals.Comprehensive analysis of the above four aspects,we can summarize the characteristics of the Song and Yuan dynasties medicinal cuisine as emphasis on the spleen and stomach,warming the middle Jiao;Individualized,evidence-based diet,;ethnic integration,re-use of sheep products;pay attention to the food ban,when contraindicated,avoid.Through the above summary of the four aspects and characteristics of the Song-Yuan cuisine:"food nourishment","food treatment","food medicine" and "food prohibition",we can analyze the significance of these characteristics for contemporary health care.In the process of health care,we should be aware of the importance of positive energy to human life activities,strengthen the care and cultivation of positive energy,and follow the principle of moderation in everything,pay attention to maintaining the balance of yin and yang in the body,pay more attention to contraindications and precautions,and actively practice them in daily life,not just to take supplements,but also to prevent the loss and damage to the body caused by unhelpful actions.It can be summarized as follows:Firstly,The principle of moderation,in the choice of diet,eating habits and food combination,should pay attention to the control of the degree,moderate is enough,not too much.Secondly,The principle of supporting the righteousness,emphasizing the importance of the righteousness,which is the basis for resisting external evil and maintaining health,and paying attention to the protection and cultivation of the righteousness.Finally,The principle of compatibility,in order to fully understand the characteristics of individual physique and health needs,choose the "food and medicine" varieties suitable for their own physique;Fourthly,The principle of moderation,paying attention to the content of dietary taboos,not only to focus on health and supplementation,but also to pay attention to the moderation of unhealthy food.In conclusion,The compilation and analysis of Song and Yuan dynasty medicinal food literature can help us understand the characteristics of Song and Yuan dynasty medicinal food more clearly and learn from the valuable experience of our predecessors. |
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