| This experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Shandong Agricultural University in 2022 to investigate the effects of different organic materials on soil physicochemical properties,biological characteristics,and peanut yield in continuous cropping peanut fields.The experimental field is a continuous cropping field for peanuts for many years,and the test peanut variety is 604L-3.A total of 6 treatments were set up in the experiment,namely,after harvesting spring peanuts,the winter fallow period was used as the control treatment(CK),the overwintering period was planted with ryegrass and the whole plant of ryegrass was turned over and returned to the field before planting the next peanut(RR),the upper part of ryegrass was removed(RNR),the overwintering period was planted with alfalfa and the whole plant was turned over and returned to the field(AR),and the above ground part of alfalfa was removed(ANR)Apply straw biochar treatment(BC)before planting the next crop of peanuts.Its purpose is to provide a theoretical basis for stable and high yield of continuous cropping peanuts.The research results are as follows:1.Effects of different organic materials returning to the soil on the physical properties of continuously cropped peanut soil.Compared with CK treatment,RR treatment reduced the soil bulk density of 0-10 cm,10-20 cm,and 20-30 cm soil layers before peanut planting by 9.42%,8.88%,and 9.72%,respectively;BC treatment reduced the soil bulk density of 0-30 cm soil layers after peanut harvest by 5.43%,7.56%,and 8.25%,respectively.RR treatment increased soil porosity by 9.82%,10.95%,and 13.56%at 0-10,10-20,and 20-30 cm before peanut planting,respectively;After harvest,it increased by 10.49%,5.32%,and 6.75%respectively.Compared with CK treatment,RR treatment increased the content of water stable aggregates>2 mm in each soil layer before peanut planting by 115%,114%,and 223%,respectively;BC treatment reduced the content of water stable aggregates in each soil layer after peanut harvest by 20%,28%,and 43%,respectively.RR,AR,and BC treatments significantly increased the soil moisture content of peanuts at each growth stage,while ANR and RNR treatments significantly increased the soil moisture content of peanuts at the podding stage by 20.74%and 13.03%.The above studies indicate that RR,BC,and AR treatments can reduce the soil bulk density of the 0-30 cm soil layer,increase soil moisture content,and improve soil physical structure.2.Effects of different organic materials returning to the soil on the chemical properties of continuously cropped peanut soil.Compared with CK treatment,all treatments with different organic materials returned to the field increased the total nitrogen content of the soil.Among them,RR treatment significantly increased the total nitrogen content of the soil during the peanut growth period by 27.25%,16.86%,18.83%,and 29.06%,respectively.RR,BC,and AR treatments significantly increased the soil available phosphorus content,and RNR treatment increased the soil available phosphorus content during the peanut growth period by 7.80%,7.63%,9.28%,and 8.23%respectively.BC and RR treatments significantly increased the soil organic matter content during all peanut growth stages,while AR treatment significantly increased the soil organic matter content during the seedling and pod-filling stages.ANR treatment increased the soil organic matter content during all peanut growth stages by 9.08%,4.62%,21.07%,and 11.50%,respectively.These results indicate that RR,BC,AR,ANR,and RNR treatments all increased the soil total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and organic matter content to varying degrees,thereby enhancing soil nutrient levels.3.Effects of different organic materials returning to field on soil biological characteristics.Compared with CK treatment,all treatments with different organic materials returning to the field increased soil urease,sucrase,and β-Glucosidase,N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase.Among the treatments,BC had the most significant effect on urease activity,increasing it by 71.65%,31.84%,42.38%,and 54.34%during different growth stages of peanut.RR,BC,and AR treatments significantly increased the activity of soil sucrase,while RNR treatment increased it by 23.28%,27.01%,18.46%,and 35.31%during different growth stages of peanut.RR,AR,and BC treatments significantly increased the activity of soil β-glucosidase,with RR having the most significant effect during the seedling,flowering and podding stages,and BC having the most significant effect during the mature pod stage.BC treatment significantly increased the activity of soil N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase during the seedling and flowering stages,increasing it by 57.07%and 53.01%,respectively.RR treatment significantly increased the activity of soil N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase during the podding and mature pod stages,increasing it by 37.04%and 51.84%,respectively.Compared with other treatments,RR and BC treatments had the best effect on increasing enzyme activity.4.Effects of different organic materials returning to the field on the physiological characteristics of peanut.Compared with CK,the treatments of returning different organic materials to the field significantly increased the dry matter accumulation per peanut plant,with RR treatment being the most significant,increasing the dry matter accumulation per peanut plant by 41.00%,35.46%,33.65%,and 34.76%during the peanut seedling stage,flower needle stage,pod setting stage,and full fruit stage,respectively;RR,BC,AR,RNR,and ANR treatments all increased the chlorophyll content of peanut leaves,with RR treatment being the most significant,increasing the chlorophyll content of peanut leaves by 5.33%,8.83%,4.96%,and 3.58%at each growth stage,respectively.5.Effects of different organic materials returning to the field on peanut yield.Compared with the CK group,the treatments of returning different organic materials to the field increased pod dry weight and peanut yield,with pod yield increasing by 32.82%,23.84%,21.98%,14.24%,and 7.43%,respectively.After 56 days of peanut planting,the pod dry weight of the RR,BC,AR,and RNR treatments increased by 32.87%,18.72%,28.74%,and 88.74%,respectively.The RR,BC,and AR treatments increased the accumulation rate of pod dry matter from 49-70 days after peanut planting,while the ANR and RNR treatments increased it from 77-98 days after planting.The RR,BC,and AR treatments all increased the average accumulation rate of peanut pods,extending the active growth period and actual accumulation period.The BC treatment had the highest sustainable yield index,indicating that this treatment mode can sustainably increase yields.In summary,based on soil physical,chemical,and biological characteristics,as well as physiological characteristics such as chlorophyll content in peanut leaves,dry matter weight of plants,and pod yield,the whole plant turning pressure of rye and alfalfa,as well as the application of biochar treatment,can effectively increase the content of total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and organic matter in the soil of continuous cropping peanut fields,reduce soil bulk density,and improve soil enzyme activity,Among them,the whole plant turning pressure treatment of rye has the most significant effect in various aspects,and can be prioritized for promotion and development,in order to provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for stable and high yield peanuts. |
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