| Angel wing(AW)is an abnormal phenomenon that outward twisting along the wrist joint on unilateral or bilateral wings of birds.AW was discovered as early as 1933,but there are few studies on AW in goose worldwide.There were some reports on AW,mainly focusing on describing the phenotype of AW and the causes of AW.However,data supporting these arguments was lacking.At present,the distribution characteristics of AW and the potential relationship between different wing types and body weight,organ index,skeletal characteristics and blood biochemical indexes,and the underlying causes of AW are not clear.In order to explore the distribution characteristics of AW,the potential relationship between different wing types and body weight,organ index,skeletal characteristics and blood biochemical indexes,as well as the internal causes of AW,this study was divided into the following two parts:Study 1:Study on the relationship between angel wing and wing bone development parameters in geeseThe first purpose of this study was to characterize the distribution of the angel wing(AW)in geese and the potential relationship between different wing types and body weight,organ index,skeletal characteristics and blood biochemical indexes.With the aim,White Zhedong(ZD)geese and Hybrid-Wanxi(HW)geese were evaluated and the results showed that the total incidence of AW was 6.67%in ZD geese and 8.86%in HW geese.The incidence of AW in bilateral wings was significantly greater than that in unilateral wings,and the occurrence of AW in left wings was remarkably higher than that in right wings of ZD geese(both P<0.01),but the incidence of AW was similar between unilateral and bilateral in HW geese.The sex has not apparently affected the incidence of AW in both ZD and HW geese.Subsequently,ten males were randomly selected from HW geese(70 days of age)with different wing types to assess the potential relationship between wing types with body weight,organ index,bone characteristic,or blood biochemical parameters.The body weight and organ index were similar between normal wing(NW)and AW geese.The lengths for the humerus,metacarpal and phalanx in NWs were notably longer than those in AWs,and the phalanx weights were pronounced greater(P<0.05).Furthermore,the occurrence of AW was strongly associated with platelet size indicators(mean platelet volume,platelet ratio and platelet distribution width)decreased,the unilateral angel wing was strongly associated with decreased parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3,as well as bone gla protein(BGP).These data suggest that AW significantly affected the wing bone length and the phalanx weight,and the occurrence of AW phenotype may be influenced by dysfunctional platelet activation,and calciotropic hormones,BGP,and/or their combine in geese.Study 2:Study on the potential gene for angel wingThe purpose of this study was to investigate the potential genes of the occurrence of AW in geese.In this experiment,we chose the sites of the occurrence of AW-the proximal metacarpal(normal wing named Group N;Angel wing named Group A)occurred in 3 geese randomly selected from slaughter individuals of experiment 1 for transcriptome sequencing.The sequencing results were analyzed and qRT-PCR was used to verify the sequencing results,then bioinformatics analysis of the potential differential genes was conducted to explore the mechanism of their occurrence.The results were as follows:A total of 81 differential expression genes were screened out from the normal wing and angel wing,among which 59 were up-regulated genes and 22 were down-regulated genes,and HOXD11 and COMP may be involved in the occurrence of AW.The differentially expression genes were enriched by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis into 9 differential pathways,including oxidative phosphorylation,Parkinson’s disease and thermogenesis.Tissue expression analysis showed that HOXD11 had the highest expression in radius and ulna,followed by humerus.COMP had the highest expression in tibia,followed by humerus.Bioinformatics analysis of HOXD11 and COMP showed that COMP could encode 764 amino acids and HOXD11 could encode 280 amino acids.Neither COMP nor HOXD11 has a transmembrane domain,and both of them are hydrophilic. |
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