| The Heishui River is located in the intersection of Tibetan and Qiang ethnic groups in northwest Sichuan,China,and its topography of mountain and river homogeneity,different ial distribution of climatic products,complex and changing ethnic history,and marginal an d diverse regional cultural phenomena have together shaped the unique Tibetan village sett lement landscape in the region.At present,there are few studies on Tibetan villages with re latively complete watershed units,and there is a lack of systematic and detailed studies on t he Tibetan villages of the Heshui River,which are located in the geographical and academi c periphery,and do not match their regional values and vernacular cultural characteristics.Therefore,this study takes the Hieshui River Tibetan settlement area as the research scope and the Tibetan villages as the research object.Based on the advantages of local research,t his study adopts a coherent method of field and literature evidence,overall and typical anal ysis,graphical and typological induction,and a combination of subject and object argumen tation perspectives to sort out the natural geography,historical evolution and ethnic human background of the Heishui River,analyze the macro spatial distribution characteristics of T ibetan villages in the watershed and they are The analysis of the macro spatial distribution characteristics of Tibetan villages in the river basin and their influencing factors.Secondly,this study analyzes the material form characteristics of Tibetan villages in the watershed a nd their associated vernacular culture in terms of the types of village site layout,landscape elements,and settlement landscape,and selects typical village cases to study the difference s of different village landscape representations in the watershed,and finally proposes prote ction and development strategies according to the regional characteristics of Tibetan villag e landscape.The main research findings are as follows:(1)Based on ArcGIS spatial analysis method,the macro spatial distribution character istics and influencing factors of 129 Tibetan villages in the Heishui River basin were studie d.The results showed that the overall distribution of Tibetan villages in the Heishui River was aggregated,and the macro spatial distribution reflected the vertical height distribution of 2400m-3200 m,and the horizontal distribution showed the uneven distribution of "one b elt,two groups,and many scattered points" along the water system and roads.Geographica l factors such as altitude,topographic relief,slope,and water system significantly influence the macro spatial distribution of Tibetan villages.Different villages choose suitable geogra phical environment to meet the survival and development of the villages according to the n atural geographical conditions in the watershed and flexible layout.(2)Based on the specific expression of the Heishui River Tibetan village landscape,the characteristics of village landscape material form are studied from the composite and complete regional landscape system composed of village site layout,village landscape pattern,and residential settlement landscape.It is found that the Heishui River Tibetan villages can be divided into five typical site layout types based on the differences in site location: valley flat dam type,river valley foothill type,half(mid)mountain terrace type,(sub)high mountain slope type,and inter-mountain mixed type.The five typical site types show the characteristics of "vertical distribution,reasonable adaptation","taking advantage of nature,and living on the ground",and "avoiding the wind and facing the sun,and taking advantage of the situation".In Tibetan villages with different site layouts,the villagers skillfully combine the natural geography with the overall management and elaborate layout of "mountain-water-forest-field-village" in their living and production practices and vernacular belief system.The five elements of "mountain-water-forest-field-village" together structure a landscape pattern that integrates the physical and spiritual environment,forming a highly compatible and diverse combination of elements with the site environment and a unique regional landscape pattern.Under the influence of different site layout environments and landscape pattern types,the layout form,roads,public space,residential buildings and other material elements of the Heishui River Tibetan village settlement constitute different organizational structures and present different manifestations and landscape characteristics.Thus,the village settlement landscape formed by the joint action of natural conditions and human intervention reflects the "in line with nature,tend to avoid harm" "external defense,sheltered tight" "endogenous intensive,smart construction " "diverse forms,scenery and cultural integration" of regional landscape form characteristics.(3)Based on the composition system of Tibetan village landscape material forms and the overall and typical research ideas,this study selects Seergu village and Jiazu village in Heishui River as typical cases,and the landscape elements and their characteristics are analyzed from the aspects of a landscape location,landscape pattern,settlement pattern,land use,residential settlement,and public space.It is found that although they are Tibetan villages,they are located in different geographical environments in high mountain valleys,and the differences in the way of life and production of the villagers,their adaptation to nature,and the cultural traditions of the village vernacular have led to the formation of the different settlement landscapes of Seergu,which are mainly agricultural landscapes in highland valleys and stone-built towers,and Jiazu village,which is mainly agricultural and pastoral landscapes in high mountains,Gyalrong residential architecture,and ecological colorful forests in mid-mountain,as well as the specialization of the settlement landscape presentation.Through the above in-depth analysis of the typical village landscape,the construction process and the logic of local suitability of the regional subject based on "survival pressure-survival rationality-survival ideal" are summarized,which profoundly reflects the construction wisdom,value concept,and settlement mode of the Heishui River Tibetan people.It is also a Tibetan village that meets the ordinary production life,has the flavor of local culture,and is a symbol of spiritual culture that constitutes the highly characteristic local settlement landscape of the Heishui River. |
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