| As an important part of urban green infrastructure and urban ecosystem,green space park is an important part of urban green space ecological construction.With the rapid development of the city,residents’ demand for travel and recreation is increasing day by day,and the quality requirements for parks and other outdoor leisure activities are constantly improving.However,high-speed urban construction brings high-density urban construction,and urban green space is constantly compressed,leading to the contradiction between green space resource services and the needs of users exist in urgent need of regulation.To create high-quality urban parks that meet the needs of the public and construct urban park green space system is not only an important goal to improve the quality of life of urban residents and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the city,but also a hard part in practice.Scholars mainly focus on one or several dimensional combinations of accessibility,density(quantity)and spatial distribution of green space park,but lack a holistic and systematic study of green space park,and the objects of attention are mostly concentrated in plain cities.It pays less attention to mountainous cities which are restricted by controlled landforms,dispersed urban development forms and multi-center and multi-group,and which are with highly restrictive construction layout of green space parks.Based on this,in order to enrich the research connotation of urban green space parks and make up for the deficiency of the current research on urban green space parks in mountain cities,this study selects the central urban area of Chongqing,a typical mountain polycentric city with complex terrain conditions and diverse geomorphic types,as the research area,and takes twenty-one urban clusters in the central urban area of Chongqing as the research unit.Firstly,based on the theory of supply and demand balance,an evaluation model is constructed from the three dimensions of supply quantity,supply efficiency and space allocation to systematically evaluate the matching type and coordination degree structure of green space park,so as to comprehensively explore and describe the construction characteristics of green space park in Chongqing central cities and clarify the main existing problems.Then,the coupling coordination model was used to evaluate the coordination degree of supply and demand development so that the rationality of spatial distribution of park green space in Chongqing central city was explored.Secondly,based on the comment data on network,the evaluation model of residents’ satisfaction was constructed to evaluate the residents’ satisfaction in the construction of urban park green space.Secondly,based on the online review data,a typical and representative sample of green space park was selected to evaluate the residents’ satisfaction with the construction of green space park by constructing an evaluation index system,so as to identify the key factors affecting residents’ satisfaction and summarize the residents’ demand preference for the construction of green space park.Finally,based on the evaluation results of urban park green space supply and demand matching and residents’ satisfaction,guided by the optimization goal of "urban park green space matching and residents’ satisfaction",the optimization strategy is put forward from the aspects of supply and demand matching and park construction.Based on the factors such as suitable land-use and 15-minute accessibility,the maximum coverage model is used to provide a realization path for the location of new green space park.The main conclusions of the research are as follows:(1)The development of supply and demand of green space in study area does not match in the central city of Chongqing,and the degree of coordinated development between supply and demand is low.On the supply side,the park green space supply index of 21 clusters showed a spatial pattern of "high in the middle and low on both sides",presenting different degrees of problems in the quantity and efficiency of supply and spatial allocation.In terms of the quantity of supply,some clusters showed the problems of "the total number of parks is low,the per capita park green space is insufficient" and "the type of park green space is single,the lack of distribution of large park green space ".In terms of supply of efficiency,the fastest time for each group to obtain park service was 12.44 minutes on average,and the 15-minute park service on average coverage rate was 77%.In addition,some groups had problems such as high cost of park service time,low service coverage rate and low service overlap rate.In terms of spatial allocation,the per capita green space location entropy and per capita green space service location entropy of each group are significantly different,and the unreasonable spatial allocation of park green space is significant.At the demand end,population distribution,urban development intensity and conservation of ecological landscape make the green space demand index of urban parks in downtown Chongqing show a spatial pattern of "high in the middle,low around",and the demand index shows a trend of decreasing from the core area of Yuzhong District to the periphery.The evaluation results of park green space supply and demand matching showed that among the 21 clusters,1 cluster reached the balance of supply and demand,12 clusters were advanced in supply,and 8 clusters were lagging in supply.The imbalance of park green space supply and demand matching was significant.The coupling coordination degree of each group ranges from 0.302 to 0.797,and the average coupling coordination degree index is 0.585.The coupling coordination level is in the five levels of dissonance to intermediate coordination,so the overall coordination level is low.The degree of mutual influence between supply and demand systems gradually weakens from the center to the periphery,and has a relatively obvious trend of decreasing from the regional core to the periphery.(2)Residents’ satisfaction with green space in urban parks in study area is relatively high,and the residents’ satisfaction is positively correlated with the attention paid to the green space parks,and has a positive change over time.Among the 27,660 comments of park green space,25,765 were satisfied,accounting for 93.15%;1544 were general,accounting for 5.58%;351 were dissatisfied,accounting for 1.27%,with an average satisfaction of 0.89.The number of comments reflects the degree of attention paid to different types of green space park as follows: Comprehensive park>Ecological Park>Special park>Community Park> Infrastructure amusement park,the degree of satisfaction of residents in different types of park green space is consistent with this sequence,and shows varying degrees of increase over time.The construction and management of some parks still cannot meet the residents’ demand for diversified recreation of the green space parks,which are mainly manifested in the lack of facility configuration,the cleanness of environment and construction of experience activities,leading to dissatisfied comments.Indicators are key factors affecting residents’ satisfaction such as the cleanness of environment,management and maintenance,accessibility to transportation,experiential activities,social value,physical and mental relaxation and overall landscape.(3)Coordination and matching and residents’ satisfaction are the two dominant goals of optimization layout and construction in green space park.Therefore,this paper proposed the optimization mechanism of supply and demand matching for different types of supply and demand matching by combining the pratical factors of the current situation of regional resources,development intensity which affecting the layout of park green space.And with suitable land use and accessibility of 15-minute walking as the limiting factors,the maximum coverage model was adopted for 11 clusters whose 15-minute park service coverage less than 80%.This paper provides reference for 52 new park green space sites,and puts forward suggestions for optimizing the construction and management of park green space according to residents’ preferences for park green space construction needs.To sum up,this study comprehensively and systematically discussed the current situation of construction in green space parks in the study area,and revealed the problems existing in the development of park green space in the study area,such as the mismatch between supply and demand,the low degree of coordinated development between supply and demand,and the construction of green space parks.And put forward targeted optimization strategies.After optimization,the service coverage rate of green space in park clusters of 21 cities in the study area reached more than 80%.The results of this study can further clarify the construction deficiencies of green space parks in central cities in Chongqing,and provided reference basis and case support for the optimization of green space layout of park in mountain cities. |
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