Study On The Urban System And Evolution Of Shandong During The Ming And Qing Dynastie

The Ming and Qing dynasties are the last stage of China’s ancient history,due to the rapid growth of economy and population,injected vitality into urban development,so that the cities in this period have reached the peak of ancient society not only in terms of quantity,but also in scale,but also in the historical period when the ancient city construction system,regional distribution,and administrative hierarchy tend to be stable.For Shandong,the provincial administrative structure of Shandong tended to be stable during the Ming and Qing dynasties,and the three-level city hierarchy formed according to the administrative level was gradually formed,and the economic development promoted the growth of the number of local cities,and initially laid the modern urban system pattern.Therefore,from the perspective of urban and rural planning,this article studies the urban system in Shandong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties from three aspects: urban grade structure,scale structure,and spatial structure.Firstly,by sorting out the national urban development background of the Ming and Qing dynasties from several aspects such as political and military situation,administrative division system,economic and social development,and ideological and cultural dissemination,we can conclude the national period of urban development and prosperity.Based on the changes in the prefectures,counties,population,economy,and ideological and cultural aspects of Shandong region,the stable period of urban development in Shandong was determined.Finally,three typical time sections were selected: the first year of Tianshun in the Ming Dynasty(1457),the 41 st year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty(1776),and the third year of Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty(1911).Secondly,by studying the urban hierarchical structure,scale structure,and spatial structure of the urban system in Shandong Province during typical time periods,the development characteristics of the urban system in Shandong Province during the Ming and Qing dynasties were summarized and analyzed.Among them,the urban hierarchical structure has changed from the coexistence of the three tiered system of the Ming Dynasty’s "Governor General’s Office Prefecture County" and the four tiered system of "Governor General’s Office Prefecture County" to the three tiered structure of the Qing Dynasty’s "Province Government County",forming a single and orderly three tiered form.Administrative divisions are becoming increasingly simplified,but the hierarchical structure of Shandong region is gradually refined,and there is a trend towards balance among different regions.In addition to their original political functions,the economic and military functions of cities in the Ming and Qing dynasties were also increasingly prominent.For urban scale structure,the rank scale method and urban primacy analysis are adopted.The analysis shows that the urban scale of all cities in the Ming and Qing dynasties was rapidly increasing,but the overall urban scale structure of Shandong region in the Ming and Qing dynasties was generally consistent,and the core capabilities of the first city were not prominent enough.There were multiple urban development centers in the region,and the differences between each city were not significant.The common development and scale structure became increasingly balanced.The urban spatial structure is analyzed by using the average nearest neighbor and multi metric space clustering analysis method of GIS platform,and it is concluded that the urban spatial distribution is mainly discrete distribution and random distribution.The urban spatial structure of Shandong region has been relatively consistent throughout several periods,showing a clear pattern of "dense in the west and sparse in the east,and dense in the north and sparse in the south".With the gradual opening of coastal trade in the Qing Dynasty,coastal cities such as Yantai and Qingdao began to develop,and the spatial pattern gradually changed.Finally,the main factors that affect the evolution of urban systems include but are not limited to natural conditions,political systems,economic development levels,military situations,and transportation networks.Through comparison,it can be concluded that the overall natural environmental factors are relatively stable,and the terrain and water system of mountains and rivers have the most profound impact on urban development,directly affecting the overall structural framework of the urban system in Shandong region.Political factors are overall influencing factors that affect the overall construction of the urban system.The influence of military factors is relatively weak.The importance of economic factors is increasingly prominent,and the development of the economy has led to the upgrading of urban structure,making economic factors an important factor affecting the development of individual cities.The influence of traffic factors gradually expanded.The Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal in the Ming and Qing Dynasties promoted the economic development and population growth in the western region of Shandong,while the development of coastal ports and the construction of railways also affected the urban development in Shandong,making the hierarchical structure,spatial structure and scale structure of the urban system in Shandong have changed to varying degrees.During the writing process of the thesis,a large number of relevant ancient literature was consulted,and many literature materials related to urban organization during this period were summarized and organized.They were classified and organized according to the organization level,listing the sources of literature and the changes in ancient and modern positions.Finally,a table was compiled and listed as an appendix,hoping to be helpful for future urban research in Shandong region.