Study On Urban Park Accessibility And Supply-Demand Optimization From The Perspective Of Child-Friendly

In April 2019,General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the initiative of "Caring for Children,Sharing Development,and Promoting the Realization of Sustainable Development Goals".Subsequently,the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Natural Resources actively promoted the establishment of standards and working mechanisms for "child-friendly cities" in China.Parks and green spaces are an important part of the construction of child-friendly cities,as well as public service facilities in high-density cities that have many benefits for children.However,the previous planning and construction of urban green infrastructure and green space system paid little attention to the characteristics and needs of children.How to provide children with convenient,sufficient and high-quality park services through reasonable allocation of resources and design interventions under the background of limited space resources in urban built-up areas is an urgent need for indepth research.Therefore,this study attempts to construct a scientific evaluation method for children’s park use opportunities and supply,and to explore the influencing factors of park supply and the relationship between space supply and demand.It is expected to provide a reference for formulating child-friendly urban park space layout optimization strategies and formulating urban park space design paths that are in line with children’s interests.This research first selects accessibility as a quantitative method to measure the opportunities for children’s parks.Accessibility has become an important tool for urban material space planning and is widely used as a tool for evaluating the effectiveness of policies.Based on theory and empirical research,this research innovatively proposes a supply-demand improved two step floating catchment area(SD2SFCA)method as an accessibility measurement model,adding child-friendly park quality evaluation and the impact of child selection probability on accessibility.First,the data calculation,spatial layout and spatial heterogeneity analysis of the accessibility of preschool children and full-age residents are carried out,and the differences in the calculation results under different sensitivities and models are discussed.Secondly,it discusses the supply-side factors that affect the use of children’s parks,and tests the correlation between accessibility and park area,park quality and proximity.Finally,judge whether there is a supply-demand mismatch in the city,and identify key areas with supply-demand mismatch and Spatial heterogeneity through spatial heterogeneity analysis tools such as bivariate local spatial autocorrelation.This study selects the "child-friendly city" Barcelona as a case to conduct an empirical analysis,hoping to provide a reference for the planning and construction of China’s child-friendly urban parks.The study found that:(1)In terms of accessibility,the park accessibility of preschool children and all-age residents in Barcelona is at a relatively high level;in terms of spatial distribution,the park accessibility of preschool children in Barcelona shows that the urban center is relatively scarce,and the urban fringe is relatively affluent.Most of the layouts are "core-periphery" or "sandwich" structures;the spatial autocorrelation of park accessibility is not strong,and there is no obvious spatial heterogeneity trend.(2)In terms of supply-side influencing factors,the park area,park quality,and proximity all have a positive correlation with the park accessibility of the two groups of people,and the correlation between the park area is greater than the park quality,and the proximity effect is almost all the smallest;the cold spots of park accessibility have a high degree of overlap with quality and area,and the hot spots mostly overlap with quality hot spots.(3)In terms of supply and demand matching and spatial heterogeneity,statistically speaking,the total supply of Barcelona city parks is relatively sufficient,but the Gini coefficient exceeds 0.5,shows there is an uneven distribution of resources;in terms of the spatial distribution of supply and demand matching,areas with oversupply of preschool children’s parks(HL clusters)are mainly located in the old city in the southwest of the city and Sarria Sant Gervasi in the north.Areas with undersupply(LH clusters)are mainly located in the central area of the city.There are fewer positive spatial matches(HH clusters),which are scattered in the city.Negative spatial matching(LL cluster)areas are mainly located on the periphery of the city.The relationship between different social groups and park accessibility has regional differences.People with lower socioeconomic status are still disadvantaged groups in the process of overall park resource allocation,and the accessibility of parks in their clusters is significantly lower than other areas.In areas with high building density,high floor area ratio,and early urban completion,the supply of parks tends to be insufficientBased on the results of the accessibility analysis,this study further combines the supply and demand evaluation to propose park planning layout and design recommendations,aiming to provide targeted strategies for children to use urban parks more conveniently.From the perspective of park space design,the quality of the park that meets the needs of children can be improved by providing diversified game facilities and increasing opportunities for contact with nature.The specific implementation of space design can be carried out through various modes such as government-led,NPO-led and PPP model.From the supply-side level,directional control is carried out according to the specific factors that affect the accessibility of different research units,such as improving the quality or building additional parks in areas that are really needed,and increasing the utilization rate and accessibility through time-sharing utilization and additional bus lines.From the level of supply and demand matching,the directional spatial layout strategy and design elements should be discussed according to the classification of the supply and demand relationship,so as to minimize the negative matching space and the mismatching space.It is expected to provide a reference for the future study of child-friendly cities,the formulation of childfriendly urban green space system planning guidelines,and the construction of an information platform of children’s park accessibility evaluation.