Research On Ecological Compensation Mechanism Of Large Watershed In Central And Western China

In order to solve the problems of transboundary watershed pollution and uncoordinated development between upstream and downstream regions,and ensure "ecological priority" and "green development",under the guidance of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the active cooperation of relevant local departments,19 provinces have explored watershed ecological compensation and 15 watersheds have established cross-provincial ecological compensation mechanism by December 2022.From the practical experience of watershed ecological compensation,the selection of compensation mechanism,the formulation of compensation standard and the apportionment payment of compensation amount have become three key points and difficulties in the implementation of watershed ecological compensation at present,which are related to the feasibility,effectiveness and stability of watershed ecological compensation mechanism.The watershed ecological compensation has been implemented in central and western China,but considering the more complex ecological environment and the limited government financial resources,the existing watershed ecological compensation mechanism type,the compensation standard mainly based on the water quality of watershed transboundary section and the apportionment payment method mainly based on quota compensation has a low compatibility with the local reality,and the corresponding compensation mechanism type is not enough to meet the actual needs of coordinated promotion of watershed ecological protection and economic development.To solve the ecological protection problems of large watershed in central and western China according to local conditions,this paper constructs the watershed ecological compensation mechanism centering on the three key points of watershed ecological compensation.First,on the basis of defining interest subjects of watershed ecological compensation,the compensation mechanism types are analyzed and evaluated,and the mechanism type suitable for ecological compensation of large watershed in central and western China is selected by constructing a dual-dimension mechanism classification framework.The second is to use the extended emergy model which is based on the thermodynamics and ecological economics,quantifies the value of ecological products through emergy conversion and makes it possible to evaluate the watershed ecological value to measure the compensation standard.The third is to set up the special fund for watershed ecological compensation and determine the compensation amount of the watershed government compensator and the superior government according to the compensation willingness coefficient of the watershed government compensator.In order to confirm the feasibility of this mechanism,the simulation application and analysis of Xinzhou-Taiyuan Section of Fen River Basin is carried out as an example.The results show that:(1)The ecological value of Xinzhou Section of Fen River Basin has a positive overflow to its downstream Taiyuan Section during2011-2020,and the Taiyuan Provincial People’s Government and its superior government as the beneficiary should bear the responsibility of compensating and making up the difference.(2)By comparing simulation results with the practice results of ecological compensation of Xin ’anjiang River Basin,and analyzing the proportion of the watershed government’s willing compensation amount and the superior government’s payment amount in the relevant financial project expenditure,the mechanism established is confirmed to be reasonable and feasible.By applying and testing the ecological compensation mechanism of large watershed in central and western China,it is found that the complex and diverse ecological environment and limited government financial resources have increased the difficulty of watershed ecological protection.Therefore,the compensation standard with ecological value as the core should be established under the mechanism of the watershed government compensating and the superior government making-up.The special fund should be set up as soon as possible and the compensation amount should be apportioned reasonably to ensure the implementation effect of the watershed ecological compensation policy,so as to meet the needs of the central and western regions to promote the watershed ecological civilization construction in the special period of consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation.