Research On Watershed Ecological Compensation Standard And Mechanism

As an important ecological product,basin water resource not only provides an indispensable resource base for human survival and development,but also provides the steady power support for the process of modern urbanization.With the growing population,the deteriorating environment,water distribution and drying issues,the relationships among areas have become increasingly tense.The competition for water and environment resources affects the stable relationship between regions.Environmental conditions of the upstream region directly affect adjacent areas,in which influence personal life and production.That is,when the government and residents who live upstream choose to protect the water environment,the residents who live downstream can obtain the pure water resources.However,when the government and residents who live upstream choose to destroy the water environment,the relationships between upstream and downstream will be sharply deteriorated because of pollution incidents and the occurrence of natural disasters,even continuously cause frictions and disputes.Under the normal circumstances,because of the limitation of public product characteristics and other external factors,the upstream areas do not actively choose to protect the water resources and ecological environment under pressure of poverty and population growth,and other social issues.They will exchange for economic development and the improvement of living standards at the expense of the environment,which makes the downstream areas lose its resource material basis for survival.Ultimately it is hard to implement the protection of water resources.Ecological environment of water will be trapped in a vicious cycle.In order to maximize the coordinate the interests of the upstream and downstream areas,meanwhile to reduce "free rider" phenomenon of the ecological protection of water sources,the water ecological compensation mechanism came into being,which is the fair and equitable solution.The water ecological compensation mechanism can promote the rational use of ecological resources,and achieve balanced regional development.It not only can meet the reasonable needs of water resources between upstream and downstream,but also can guarantee water sources to develop continuely.Based on the above analysis,in order to internalize environmental protection of water resources externalities,and achieve environmental security of water resources,and adjustment social and economic benefits of regions,and promote ecological civilization construction.In this paper,we study the ecological compensation mechanism of water source,and focus on solving the following problems:Firstly,we should reasonably find out the subjects and objects of water ecological compensation.Secondly,we should definite scientificly water ecological compensation standards.Finally,we should build water ecological compensation mode.According to solve these questions,we try to provide water ecological governance valuable reference.Accordingly,the main contents of this paper are as follows:Chapter 1 systematically describes the background,meaning and purpose.With the whole idea of the article and frame structure clear,we choose the main methods and techniques used in this study,and summarize the logical architecture of the paper from a macro perspective.Chapter 2 defines the relevant concepts of water ecological compensation,and explores theoretical origins of water ecological protection.In details,we systematically interpret the related concepts about ecological compensation and their components in this chapter.Then we analyze the theoretical basis of ecological protection of water sources,including the external effect theory,"free rider" and "tragedy of the commons" theory,ecology service value theory,evolutionary game theory,the efficiency and fairness theory of ecological compensation.Finally we explore the models of water ecological compensation mechanism.Chapter 3 focuses on induction and evaluation of water ecological compensation standards and practice models at home and abroad in order to explore barriers in existing water sources ecological compensation.In this chapter,we generalize six common compensation standards and analysis domestic and foreign ecological compensation practice models on the basis of in-depth comparative.In addition,we focus on all kinds of obstacles of the water ecological compensation mechanism at the present,in order to lay the foundation of the construction of water ecological compensation mechanism,which is fit for China's basic national conditions.Chapter 4 clears ecological compensation basic point,and builds water ecological compensation standard model.It is very important to build a scientific and rational system of ecological compensation standard.Compensation standard model determines whether the watershed ecological compensation mechanism can smoothly work.In this chapter,with the focus of ecological compensation basis,in accordance with the requirements of the water ecological compensation practice,we delimit the the scope of ecological direct and opportunity costs,and establish the ecological compensation accounting method of the total cost.Then,combining budget of fiscal reform,we introduce the gray system theory to balance the ecological compensation mechanism,in order to improve the conventional water-sharing system.Using the gray system we can accurately measure the regional water needs of the premise in a certain period,so that we can estimate the level of interests of water spillover from the ecological protection,whereby we construct water ecological compensation sharing model of the total cost.Chapter 5 establishes government-led financial transfer payment system of water ecological compensation mechanism according to the current financial reform.In the present,government-led is an important institutional background of water source governance,at the meanwhile,it is also feasible practice of water ecological compensation in the short term.According to the differences of the ownership and use of water resources,we clearly divide the role of the government vertical and horizontal transfer responsibility for payment.Then we accordingly build performance evaluation index of transfer payment and correctly dominate the directiontransfer payment funds.Finally we explore the supervision and restraint mechanisms of government-led water ecological compensation,so as to build the comprehensive government-led mode of water ecological compensation.Chapter 6 focuses on promoting market-oriented process of water ecological compensation system.As expansion content of the fifth chapter,we explore the long-term trends of water ecological compensation mode.On the basis of defining initial water rights and transforming government functions,we research and design the water market mechanism of ecological compensation.In the market mechanism,we focus on discussing the ecological buying-pattern and water rights transaction mode.In addition,we study deeply the supporting measures for the water market mechanism.Chapter 7 tests the water ecological compensation mechanism.Taking Dongjiang for example,we analyze its natural geographical features and economic and social development in details.Then we focus on analyzing the contradictions and difficulties existed in water ecological construction.On this basis,we build gray system model to test the operability of compensation standard.Chapter 8 summarizes the whole research and finds the prospect in the field of the water ecological compensation.