Dietary Exposure And Risk Assessment Of Chlorinated Paraffins In Ginseng And Edible Fungi

Chlorinated paraffins（CPs）are a class of mixture derived from chlorination of n-alkanes.As CPs was widely used as industrial raw materaials,studies had found that CPs existed in a variety of environmental media.As an organic pollutant,CPs have been found to be harmful to human health.Human exposure pathways to CPs are complex,including dietary intake,inhalation,dermal absorption.Dietary intake is the main exposure route of CPs for general residents,accounting for more than 85%of the total CPs exposure.Several studies have evaluated the exposure risk of CPs in fresh food in different regions.The results show that the dietary intake risk of CPs in China is higher than that in other regions.As a new resource food with multiple active ingredients,it is of great significance to systematically study the pollution and intake risk assessment of CPs in different types of ginseng and edible fungi in the Chinese market.In this study,ginseng,edible fungi and culture material samples were collected in the Chinese market.The samples were pretreated by accelerated solvent extraction（ASE）and cleaned by multilayer silicagel-Florisil composite column,the samples were detected by gas chromatographcoupled with mass spectrometer in the electron capture negative ion mode（GC-ECNI-MS）to analyze the concentration of CPs and their homologue profiles.The interspecies differences of samples were further analyzed and exposure values were calculated to assess the potential health risks of ginseng and edible fungi intake.SCCPs were detected in all ginseng samples,the concentrations varied from144.4～1527.8 ng/g dw for SCCPs and non-detect（ND）to 1214.1 ng/g dw for MCCPs,with mean values of 551.5 and 259.8 ng/g dw,respectively.And the highest concentration was detected in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix.Carbon atom-chlorine congener profiles of CPs were dominated by C₁₀Cl_7-8 and C₁₄Cl_7-8 congeners,accounting for 20.1%and 32.4%of the total SCCP and MCCP concentrations,respectively.Geographical spatial distribution and principal components analysis（PCA）showed that the contamination level of CPS in the ginseng samples was mainly affected by the specie varieties.Finally,a risk assessment reveals that the estimated daily intake（EDI）and margin of exposure（MOE）were far below levels that might pose a health risk,indicating an acceptable dietary intake of SCCPs and MCCPs in the studied ginseng samples.SCCPs were detected in edible fungi and culture material samples,and their concentrations were generally higher than those of MCCPs.For edible fungus samples,the concentrations varied from 79.8～3879.3 ng/g dw for SCCPs and non-detect（ND）to572.3 ng/g dw for MCCPs,with mean values of 725.6 and 233.6 ng/g dw,respectively.For culture material samples,the concentrations varied from 320.2～4326.0 ng/g dw for SCCPs and 333.4～4517.4 ng/g dw for MCCPs,with mean values of 1277.6 and 893.7ng/g dw.The preponderant SCCPs and MCCPs congener group profiles were C₁₀Cl₇-₈and C₁₄Cl_6-8.And the preponderant SCCPs and MCCPs homologues in culture materials were C_11-12Cl₆ and C₁₄Cl₆.The linear discriminant analysis（LDA）results indicated different contamination models of CPs between edible fungi and culture materials.SCCPs and MCCPs in edible fungi samples have similar sources,and their intakes are lower than the indirect exposure risk thresholds of SCCPs and MCCPs,the results indicated that the intake of CPs by edible fungi did not pose a risk to the health of the general population in the short term.The research data show that the contamination levels of CPs in ginseng and edible fungi samples were not cause health risks to the general population.With the rapid development of CPs industry and the increasing consumption of ginseng and edible fungi year by year,more data need to be supplemented for the food safety evaluation of ginseng and edible fungi,and the pollution status of CPs needs to be comprehensively evaluated.