| Hilary Whitehall Putnam’s(1926-2016)philosophical thought of realism is developed around three positions: scientific realism,internal realism and common sense realism.Putnam’s early position of scientific realism rejected logical empiricism,and solved some philosophical problems related to mathematics and quantum mechanics with a "scientific-only" perspective of truth.In 1958,he worked with Paul Oppenheim(1885-1977)and published "The Unity of Science Is a Valid Assumption," showing that microscopic links between disciplines could be restored to a unified science.Influenced by Quine Willard Van Orman(1908-2000),Putnam turned to the period of internal realism.In his opinion,truth is not a certain concept of cognition,nor is it consistent between the reality and the theory of reality,but a kind of integration between the specific belief and the specific language framework.Simply put,it is the reasonable acceptability of human cognition.The second time of Putnam’s realist thought is through the "second innocence"--putting aside metaphysics and returning to the thinking mode and theory of perception in the initial period of philosophy.By emphasizing the interactive relationship between human cognitive subject status and environment through practice,people can directly perceive or know the direct representation of things,and eliminate an "interface" between the cognizer and the world.Therefore,whether it is internal realism or common sense realism,it can be found that Putnam denies the universality of scientific knowledge and supports the diversity of different cultural knowledge and values.It is through this realist viewpoint held by Putnam that this paper is connected with local knowledge,grasped the research characteristics of anthropology and practical philosophy,and tried to analyze and understand local knowledge from different perspectives to enrich its theory.This paper is divided into five chapters: the first chapter mainly describes the research background and significance,research status,research ideas,methods and innovation;The second chapter analyzes Putnam’s semantic theory in detail,highlighting the study of reference,and by criticizing metaphysical realism reference theory,combining language with the field of scientific cognition,so as to support his common sense realism view,and thus connecting it with the pluralism of local knowledge to cognition.The third chapter analyzes Putnam’s reasonable acceptability and asks for truth on the meaning of reasonable acceptability.He points out that every culture or the community of a certain situation has a set of standards for what is considered reasonable acceptability,and local knowledge,no matter anthropology or practical philosophy,reflects this feature.From the perspective of the cognitive subject,The cognition of different subject consciousness to different local knowledge culture is different from that of cognition elements such as cognition level,value orientation and knowledge composition structure,which shows the characteristics of pluralism.The fourth chapter further analyzes the refutation of the dichotomy of "fact and value" on the basis of the third chapter.The relationship between truth and rationality can be found from Putnam’s exploration of truth.Truth depends on value and rationality is a part of "good".Rationality is a kind of "assertion" to the fact,which is mixed with the unique and complex characteristics of "value" in different degrees,so as to show that the local knowledge also has such multiple value attributes.The fifth chapter mainly summarizes and discusses the internal relation between local knowledge and Putnam’s realism and the different attitudes towards relativism.To sum up,this paper will show that local knowledge can be analyzed and understood through Putnam’s realism as a methodology,highlighting the creative interpretation of the diversity of language,culture and value.In order to resolve the "logocentrism" in traditional scientific ideas,the author insists on the localism of scientific knowledge. |
PDF Full Text Request