Study On The Area-based Management Tools-Networks Of Marine Protect Areas Of The Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction Of The Philippine Sea

Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction(ABNJ)include the high seas and international seabed areas,which harbor marine biodiversity of important ecological,social,economic and cultural value.In order to meet the growing needs of human survival,human activities have gradually penetrated into the ABNJ,such as high seas fishing,deep-sea mining and submarine cable laying.Add to that the acidification of the oceans caused by global warming.These factors contribute to the loss of biodiversity in the ABNJ.Due to long-term and high pressure,constant temperature and oligotrophy,deep-sea ecosystems are extremely fragile and difficult to recover once damaged by disturbance.Therefore,the international communities have called for using Areas Based-Management Tools(ABMTs),including Marine Protected Areas,to protect biodiversity and ecosystems in the ABNJ.At present,a number of international organizations have applied the ABMTs in the ABNJ for different human activities to achieve the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.The paper selected the Philippine Sea of the ABNJ as the study area,and carried out the technical methods and empirical research of Marine Protected Area networks(MPA networks),ABMTs.In the specific research,30%as the conservation target which the international community called for,put forward selection technology scheme of MPA networks in the study area,using a series of Area based-management key technologies to carry out the design of MPA networks in the study area.First of all,the study summarized the existing criteria of ABMTs,and selected the criteria suitable for the MPA networks in the study area from the perspectives of scientificity and data accessibility through research and comparison.Secondly,according to the selected criteria,the protection features are clearly defined.There are three categories of protection:IUCN Red List species,habitats and Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems(VMEs).Thirdly,with the help of habitat classification,species distribution model and other tools,the paper confirmed the distribution and main characteristics of protected features.Habitat classification is obtained by large-scale clustering algorithm,and the habitat categories and distributions worth protecting are obtained.Max Ent is used to simulate the habitats of cold-water corals and deep-sea sponges in the study area.Multiple data sources were integrated to screen out the IUCN Red List species of larva of nekton and benthos in the study area.Fourth,with the help of the large-scale planning software(Marxan),based on 30%protection target,the paper integrated the protection features in three categories about species,habitat and VMEs,and the fishing effort as the cost,and iterated the model 1000times.Finally,based on Marxan running results,the MPA networks in the study area was designed.In the study,A network of five MPAs were selected in the ABNJ of the Philippine Sea,with a total area of 519,600 km~2,accounting for 23.5%of the study area.Of the five MPAs,MPA#2,located in the northern section of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge,is the most valuable,with a total of 11 protected features(13 in total)and low protection cost.Of the 13 protected objects in the study area,7 protected features have reached the 30%target of protection,among which the protection level of endangered and rare species is the highest,reaching 91.6%,and 6 protected features(main terrain categories in the study area)have not reached the 30%protection target.