Study On Bird Diversity In Zhangheyuan National Wetland Park,Yusshe,Shanxi Province

Founded in December 2017,the Yushe Zhangheyuan National Wetland Park(hereafter referred to as "the Wetland Park"),located in the northern part of Yushe County,Jinzhong,Shanxi Province,remains a data blank in terms of avian resources since its establishment.From December 2020 to December 2022,this study conducted a detailed survey on the avian resources of the Wetland Park using the variable distance transect method.The collected data were analyzed from four aspects: bird composition,dynamic changes in bird communities in different habitats,bird diversity level,and special birds in the Wetland Park.The research results are as follows:1.The study recorded a total of 125 bird species from 44 families under 18 orders.Of these,Passeriformes accounted for 47.20% with 24 families and 59 species;Anseriformes made up 5.60% with 1 family and 12 species;Charadriiformes comprised 8.00% with 4families and 10 species;Pelecaniformes and Accipitriformes each contributed 5.60% with1 family and 7 species each;the remaining orders added up to 24.00% with 12 families and 30 species.2.In terms of residency,migratory and summer birds were dominant,followed by resident birds,with the least being winter birds.The bird community was predominantly of the Palaearctic realm,followed by widespread species,with the Oriental realm being the least.In terms of feeding habits,insectivorous birds were dominant,followed by omnivorous birds,with herbivorous,piscivorous,and carnivorous birds being relatively fewer.Songbirds were the primary ecological habit,while terrestrial birds,birds of prey,climbing birds,wading birds,and swimming birds were less common.3.The study analyzed the dynamic changes in the species and numbers of birds in each habitat with the seasons.Generally,man-made forests had more bird species and numbers,suitable for most birds,while river wetlands and reservoir wetlands were dominated by water birds.Shrublands and farmlands were primarily home to Passeriformes,and villages had fewer birds,with each habitat showing low similarity.4.Of the 125 bird species recorded in this study,the Black Stork is listed as a national Class I protected animal.Eighteen bird species are listed as national Class I protected animals;55 species are key protected animals in Shanxi Province.The Bean Goose is listed as an endangered species in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN).The Peregrine Falcon is included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES),and 13 bird species are included in Appendix II.Fifty bird species are included in the China-Japan Migratory Bird Protection Agreement,and twelve bird species are included in the China-Australia Migratory Bird Protection Agreement.5.This study recorded 39 species of water birds,belonging to 8 orders and 11 families.These water birds were mainly swimming birds,with fewer wading and climbing birds.6.This study analyzed the bird diversity in different seasons,habitats,and years.Seasonal analysis revealed that the Shannon-Wiener index was highest in summer and lowest in winter,indicating that the Wetland Park’s ecological environment is more suitable for most birds in summer.Habitat analysis showed relatively high Shannon-Wiener indices in shrublands and man-made forests,which are unsuitable for water birds but suitable for small Passeriformes.The wetland Shannon-Wiener index was slightly lower,suitable for most water birds.Villages,subject to severe human disturbance,are unsuitable for most bird species,thus having the lowest Shannon-Wiener index.In terms of year-on-year analysis,the overall trend showed higher bird diversity in the Wetland Park in 2022 compared to 2021,although this change was not significantly pronounced.7.The study discovered instances of illegal hunting and indiscriminate wastewater discharge within the park.Therefore,it is recommended that harsh punishments be imposed on illegal hunters.As for enterprises that violate sewage discharge regulations,relevant departments should mandate rectifications within a specified timeframe.