| The food of captive wild animals is completely dependent on human beings,and the food composition of captive wild animals is quite different from that of wild animals.Captive leaf-eating nonhuman primates consume a diet high in soluble sugars and low in fiber.The amount and quality of food available to wild primates varies with the seasons,while captive primates get a more stable diet but less diverse than wild populations.In addition,there are differences in energy requirements between the sexes,and changes in food resources in the wild have different effects on males and females.Therefore,the study on the influence of food composition on energy intake of captive Fran(?)ois’s langurs(Trachypithecus francoisi)is of great significance for understanding energy intake and nutritional requirements of captive Fran(?)ois’s langurs.In this study,a total of 14 captive Fran(?)ois’s langurs(female:male=5:9;adult:subadult=5:9)were selected in the Rare Animal Breeding Center of Fran(?)ois’s langurs.By changing the proportion of cake material and green fodder in food,three different food compositions were set up(Level 1(ordinary food),Level 2,Level 3)to explore the effects of food composition on energy intake of captive Fran(?)ois’s langurs.The proportion of cake in food:Level 1>Level 2>Level 3.Meanwhile,by measuring apparent digestibility indexes(ADIs)such as dry matter,crude fiber,soluble sugar and total energy intake,this study explored whether there were sex,age and seasonal differences in energy requirements of captive Fran(?)ois’s langurs.1.The AD of dry matter showed no significant difference between the sexes(P>0.05),while the effects of age and season on the AD of dry matter were significant(P<0.05).The effect of age(F=12.679,P=0.001)on the AD of dry matter was greater than that of season(F=3.453,P=0.019).The pairwise interaction terms of sex,age and season and the interaction terms of the three had no significant effect on the AD of dry matter(P>0.05).(1)The AD of dry matter of subadult was significantly higher than that of adult(P=0.001).(2)The AD of dry matter in winter was significantly higher than that in other seasons(spring:P=0.012,summer:P<0.001,autumn:P<0.001),and the AD of dry matte in spring was significantly higher than that in autumn(P=0.045).2.The AD of crude fiber showed no significant difference between the sexes(P>0.05),while the effects of age and season on the AD of crude fiber were significant(P<0.05).The effect of age(F=12.124,P=0.001)on the AD of crude fiber was greater than that of season(F=8.370,P<0.001).The interaction terms of sex and age,sex and season,and the interaction terms of sex,age and season did not affect the AD of crude fiber(P>0.05).The interaction term of age and season had a significant effect on the AD of crude fiber(P<0.001).(1)In summer,the AD of crude fiber of sub-adult was significantly higher than that of adult(P<0.001).(2)The AD of crude fiber of adult in autumn was significantly higher than that in other seasons(spring:P<0.001,summer:P<0.001,winter:P=0.024).The AD of crude fiber in winter was significantly higher than that in spring(P=0.060)and summer(P=0.005).The AD of crude fiber of sub-adult in spring was lower than that in summer(P=0.009).3.The AD of soluble sugar showed no significant difference among seasons and between sexes(P>0.05),while the effects of age on the AD of soluble sugar was significant(F=54.295,P<0.001).The pairwise interaction terms of sex,age and season and the interaction terms of the three had no significant effect on the AD of soluble sugar(P>0.05).The AD of soluble sugar in subadult was significantly higher than that in adult(P<0.001).4.The AD of total energy showed no significant difference among seasons and between sexes(P>0.05),while the effects of age and season on the AD of total energy were significant(P<0.05).The effect of age(F=7.774,P=0.006)on the AD of total energy was greater than that of season(F=5.492,P=0.001).The pairwise interaction terms of sex,age and season and the interaction terms of the three had no significant effect on the AD of total energy(P>0.05).(1)The AD of total energy of subadult was significantly higher than that of adult(P=0.006).(2)The AD of total energy in winter was significantly higher than that in other seasons(spring:P=0.001,summer:P<0.001,autumn:P<0.001).5.In this study,by changing the proportion of cake material and green fodder in food,three different food compositions were set up(Level 1(ordinary food),Level 2,Level 3)to explore the effects of food composition on energy intake of captive Fran(?)ois’s langurs.The results showed that changes in food composition had a significant effect on energy intake in captive Fran(?)ois’s langurs,and this effect was different between different age-sex groups.(1)Food composition had no significant effect on dry matter AD of four age-sex groups(Adult males:P=0.145,Adult females:P=0.930,Subadult males:P=0.389,Subadult females:P=0.814).(2)Food composition had significant effects on the AD of crude fiber of adult male and subadult male(Adult males:P=0.025,Subadult males:P=0.038),but had no significant effect on the crude fiber apparent digestibility of adult and subadult female(Adult females:P=0.303,Subadult females:P=0.198).The AD of crude fiber,in order from large to small:Adult males:Level 2>Level 1>Level 3;Subadult males:Level 1>Level 3>Level 2.(3)Food composition had significant effects on the AD of soluble sugar in adult male,adult female and subadult male(Adult males:P=0.045,Adult females:P<0.001,Subadult males:P=0.010),but had no significant effect on subadult female(P=0.095).The AD of soluble sugar was in the order of adult males and adult females:Level 3>Level 2>Level 1;Subadult males:Level 1>Level 3>Level 2.(4)Food composition had significant effects on the apparent digestibility of total energy intake of adult male and adult female(Adult males:P=0.012,Adult females:P=0.047),but had no significant effect on subadult males and subadult females(Subadult males:P=0.289,Subadult females:P=0.619).The AD of total energy intake in descending order was:Adult males:Level 3>Level 1>Level 2;Adult females:Level 3>Level 2>Level 1.6.The ambient temperature and humidity of the cage did not significantly influence the ADI and the energy intake of captive Fran(?)ois’s langurs(P>0.05). |
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