| Cities are the basic elements of social civilization and the important carriers of economic changes,and their development has obvious stage characteristics.The Song-Jin-Yuan period was the beginning of urban-rural partition and a major transformation of China's cities took place.As the core of the north-south convergence,the cities of Shandong region in this period were damaged by the effects of political change and warfare against each other on the one hand,and benefited from the north-south waterway transportation as well as economic development on the other hand,which laid the foundation of the urban system of Shandong region in later generations.Therefore,this thesis studies the structural characteristics and evolution process of the urban system in Shandong during the Song,Jin and Yuan dynasties from the perspective of the discipline of urban planning,and analyzes the factors affecting its evolution.First,by analyzing the historical background of urban development in the whole country and in Shandong,capturing the development characteristics of politics and military,institutions and economy related to cities,and combining them with the population fluctuations in Shandong during the Song,Jin and Yuan periods,we comprehensively judge the stage characteristics of urban development in Shandong and arrive at a more stable period of urban development.Based on this,the first year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty(1111),the seventh year of Taihe in the Jin Dynasty(1207),and the twenty-seventh year of Zhiyuan in the Yuan Dynasty(1290)are selected as typical time sections to study the structure of urban systems in Shandong.Secondly,we compile the records and data on the establishment of cities in Shandong during the Song,Jin and Yuan dynasties to support the development of cities,and use the "cross-sectional restoration method" to restore the urban spatial profiles of Song,Jin and Yuan dynasties to show the changes in rank,scale and spatial changes of the urban system in Shandong between the time periods,so as to summarize the structural characteristics of the urban system.The method of urban spatial restoration shows the changes in the hierarchy,scale,and spatial changes of the urban system in Shandong between time sections,thus summarizing the structural characteristics of the urban system and sorting out the evolution of the urban system in Shandong throughout the period.Among them,the hierarchical structure of the urban system is characterized by the administrative division system,which changed from "road-state-county" to positive three levels,and then to "province-do(Xuanxi)/ road/province The structure of the city system is based on the administrative division system.The scale structure of the urban system is measured by the combination of the rank-order-scale method and the primacy analysis method based on the population of the political district,and its scale structure is more balanced,with the first city becoming less prominent,the number of large cities of similar scale increasing,and the number of small and medium-sized cities being larger but smaller.The spatial structure of the urban system is analyzed by GIS platform,using the methods of mean nearest neighbor and multi-distance spatial cluster analysis,and the analysis results show the trend of uniform discrete distribution,with the overall distribution characteristics of "dense west and sparse east",and the spatial structure of local areas varies.The spatial structure of the western cities in Shandong gradually changes from a cluster-like dispersion around the foot of the southern mountains in central Shandong to a belt-like uniform dispersion pattern around the"central-western" double center;the spatial pattern of the eastern regions changes from a large irregular dispersion to a balanced dispersion.Finally,based on the above analysis,it is concluded that the main factors affecting the structure of the urban system studied in this thesis are natural conditions,politics,military,transportation location and economy.With the help of the long time theory,we analyze the specific factors influencing the evolution of the urban system in Shandong during the Song,Jin and Yuan dynasties and the degree of their influence,compare the differences of each influencing factor in different periods,and propose the basic factors influencing the urban system and the dominant factors in each period.Natural environmental conditions influenced the urban development and construction and the spatial structure of the urban system throughout the Song,Jin and Yuan dynasties,with topography,water,soil and other conditions being extremely important foundational factors.Political factors,such as the reform of the administrative system and the shift of the political center of gravity,greatly affected the hierarchy and spatial structure of the urban system.The war conditions among the military factors are the most damaging to the continuation of urban development,and the internal and external military patterns affect the development of local cities and the scale structure of the urban system in Shandong.The waterway transportation network and maritime trade activities among the transportation location factors changed the spatial structure of the urban system in the west of Lu and the peninsula.The influence of economic factors on cities shows that purely economic hierarchical relations can cross political relations to construct the hierarchical system of cities.During the writing of the dissertation,I consulted relevant ancient documents and various general histories to compile the establishment history of counties in Shandong during the Song,Jin,and Yuan dynasties,classify them by dynasty,and list the contents of each documentary record and the changes of ancient and modern locations as a schedule,hoping to represent the establishment history of cities in this period clearly and concisely. |
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