| Mountain settlement is the place where people in mountainous areas gather for productive life and social activities,and it is an integral part of the man-land relationship in mountain areas.The dispersion,marginality and closure of mountain areas have become important factors hindering the socio-economic development of mountain areas.The future development of mountain settlements is directly related to the process of socialist modernization on the basis of building a well-off society in an all-round way,and it has become the focus and difficulty of consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation,promoting urbanization,new rural construction and rural revitalization.Therefore,we need to grasp the regularity,influence mechanism and future development direction of mountain settlement evolution,and make a comprehensive plan for mountain settlements on this basis.This has become an important way to achieve sustainable development of mountain society,population,resources and environment.Qinba mountain is an important geographical-ecological transition zone in China,with high environmental complexity,climate sensitivity,resource dependence and regional closure,but also one of China's economically backward areas.The distribution of Qinba mountain settlements is scattered,lack of planning,and the problem of"hollowing" is serious.Therefore,under the influence of special natural environment,social and economic development and policy system,it is of great significance to explore the spatial pattern and evolution trend of settlement in Qinba mountain area to coordinate the man-land relationship in Qinba Mountain area and to promote the social and economic development in mountain area.Taking Chenggu County in the Qinba mountain area as the subject of study,and basing the study on the settlement patches data between the years 2005,2012 and 2019 which was extracted from Google Earth's high-resolution images,the spatial pattern evolution of rural settlements in Chenggu County was analyzed quantitatively through the comprehensive application of the landscape pattern index,extended intensity index,fractal dimension as well as GIS spatial analysis technology.Subsequently,the influencing factors of spatial pattern and evolution of settlements were explored by introducing the Geographical Detector and Geographical Weighted Regression(GWR).The results indicated that:(1)The overall scale of rural settlements in Chenggu County showed an expansion trend,but they were still dominated by small-scale settlements,and the scale of settlements showed obvious characteristics of local agglomeration.Compared with that of the year 2005,the number of rural settlements decreased but the scale increased in 2019.The new settlements were mainly distributed in the middle of the Chenggu County and on both banks of the Hanjiang River.The number of settlements in Chenggu County was still dominated by small settlements,and gradually evolved from low-grade settlements to high-grade settlements.The spatial correlation of settlement scale was significant.The plain area of Hanjiang River valley and the hilly area of Qinling mountains were "hot spots" area of large-scale settlement agglomeration,and the scale advantage was gradually increasing.The low mountain hilly area of Bashan was a "cold point" area with small-scale settlements,the scope was reduced and the spatial distribution was gradually fragmented.(2)Although the distribution pattern of rural settlement agglomeration in Chenggu County has weakened,the spatial distribution characteristics of high-density small-scale agglomerations and low-density large-scale agglomerations have not changed significantly,and the locational orientation of the spatial distribution of rural settlements has been further strengthened.Specifically,there was a negative correlation between settlement density and scale,that was,high-density small-scale agglomeration and low-density large-scale agglomeration coexisted.Over time,the agglomeration distribution pattern of rural settlements had weakened,and some medium-density areas disappeared.There was no obvious change in the spatial distribution characteristics of the "multi-core " in the highdensity area.The positioning of low altitude,gentle slope directivity,near-road,nearriver trends of settlement spatial distribution was further strengthened,and rural settlements within a certain range were more affected by the administrative center.(3)The morphological evolution of rural settlements in Chenggu County had changed in stages,and there were significant differences in the morphology and expansion of settlements in different topographical areas,including mass expansion,belt expansion along rivers or traffic,and infill expansion.Specifically,the evolution of rural settlement morphology in Chenggu County had undergone a phased change process from complex to regular,from unstable to stable,from external expansion to infilling between patches.There were significant differences in rural settlement patterns and expansion patterns in different terrain areas.The settlements in the valley plains of the central part of Chenggu and the shallow hills of the Qinling Mountains are distributed in masses and belts.The settlement patterns in the Qinling Mountains and Bashan Mountains included belt-like distribution along rivers or traffic lines and scattered distribution in mountain valleys.Settlement expansion methods mainly include cluster expansion,strip expansion along rivers and traffic or infill expansion,and conversion to other land.In addition,there were still special phenomena such as the disappearance,reconstruction and "hollowing" of rural areas in Chenggu County.(4)The spatial pattern and evolution of rural settlements in Chenggu County are the result of the comprehensive action of resource and environment factors,socio-economic factors,policy and institutional factors,and location conditions.Among tnem,the resources and environmental factors have established the basic pattern of rural settlements in Chenggu County,and continue to play an important role in the evolution of settlements.Socio-economic factors and policy system factors have always played a leading role in the spatial pattern and evolution of rural settlements in Chenggu County.Policy institutional factors have gradually become the key force to promote the rapid evolution of settlements.The influence of location factors is relatively weak,but they have a certain spatial guiding effect on the evolution speed and direction of settlements. |
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