Study On The Historical Lexical Layers Of Common Words In Hakka Dialect In Southern Jiangxi,Western Fujian And Eastern Guangdong

The geographical contiguous regions of southern Jiangxi,western Fujian and eastern Guangdong are the base camp of Hakka.In this area,there were originally indigenous peoples;In the surrounding areas,there are also strong dialects of Gan,Min and Cantonese.Over a long period of history,the Hakka language in this region inevitably came into contact with the surrounding languages and dialects.This paper is an attempt to analyze the lexical hierarchy of hakka dialect in southern Jiangxi,western Fujian and eastern Guangdong from the perspective of vocabulary comparison.This paper is divided into six chapters.The first chapter is the introduction.We first briefly introduce the general situation of the Hakka dialect in southern Jiangxi,western Fujian and eastern Guangdong and the comparative research status of the Hakka vocabulary in this region.It is pointed out that there are few achievements in this respect and it is necessary and possible to further explore.Then we put forward the research ideas and methods of this study.We use Nanchang dialect to represent Gan dialect,Meixian dialect to represent eastern Guangdong Hakka,Ruijin,Huichang,Yudu,Ningdu and Shicheng dialects to represent southern Jiangxi Hakka,and Changting and Liancheng dialects to represent western Fujian Hakka.This paper selects common words in spoken language from these materials,and strives to make the words selected have both internal consistency and external exclusivity in Hakka dialect.We focus on comparing the consistency of the core morphemes of these words,and do not emphasize the complete agreement of morphology.When core morphemes are not enough to distinguish levels,non-core morphemes with regular correspondence and distinguishing characteristics are also included in the comparison.This paper argues that the Hakka dialects in southern Jiangxi western Fujian and eastern Guangdong can be divided into four levels:(1)common language level(2)Hakkan-Jiangxi homology level(3)Hakkan-Jiangxi differentiation level(4)Hakka dialect differentiation level.Chapters 2 to 5 of this paper discuss these levels in detail.The second chapter of this paper discusses the level of common language in the Hakka vocabulary of southern Jiangxi,western Fujian and eastern Guangdong,including two parts of speech: ancient Chinese common words and ancient Chinese dialect words.This level is from the southern dialects as a whole,and the Hak-Gan dialect combined with the analysis of ancient Chinese literature.This level belongs to the level before the formation of Hakka and Gan dialects,which is characterized by the consistency of the words in southern Jiangxi,western Fujian,eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi dialects,as well as other southern dialects,and is consistent with the records in ancient Chinese literature.The third chapter discusses the homologous levels of Hakka vocabulary in southern Jiangxi,western Fujian and eastern Guangdong.This level is obtained through the comparison of the Gekan dialects and the extraction of their common parts.This level belongs to the formation period of Hakka dialect,which is characterized by the similarity of Hakka dialect in western Fujian,eastern Guangdong and southern Jiangxi,and the consistency with Gan dialect,but only found in Hakka dialect.The HakkanJiangxi homology level discussed in this chapter is different from the level of the common language discussed in the second chapter.It is the same level within the Hakkan-Jiangxi and the Hakkan-Jiangxi dialects,but it makes the Hakkan-Jiangxi dialect different from other southern dialects.The fourth chapter discusses the differentiation levels of Hakka vocabulary in southern Jiangxi,western Fujian and eastern Guangdong.This level is mainly based on the Hakka dialect,find out the difference between it and Gan dialect,and then divide it.This level belongs to the level after the differentiation of Gan dialect and Hakka dialect.The characteristic is that the Hakka dialect of southern Jiangxi,western Fujian and eastern Guangdong is the same,but different from Gan dialect.The fifth chapter discusses the differentiation levels of Hakka vocabulary in southern Jiangxi,Western Fujian and Eastern Guangdong.This level is the internal comparison of the Hakka dialect of the three places.This level is the product of further differentiation of Hakka dialect.According to the degree of differentiation,it can be further divided into: 1.Southern Jiangxi and western Fujian are the same,but different from eastern Guangdong;2.Southern Jiangxi and eastern Guangdong are the same,but different from western Fujian;3.Western Fujian and eastern Guangdong are the same,but different from southern Jiangxi;4.Southern Jiangxi,western Fujian and eastern Guangdong are different.Chapter six is the conclusion of this paper.The four levels discussed in this paper,namely,the common language level,the Hakkan-Jiangxi homology level,the HakkanJiangxi differentiation level and the Hakka differentiation level,show the sequence of times: the earlier level is in the first place,and the later level is in the second place.The level of common language and the level of Hak-Gan homology reflect the homogenous parts of Hak-Gan dialect,specifically the same etymology.The differentiation levels of Hakka dialect and Hakka dialect reflect the heterogeneous parts of Hakkan dialect,among which the differentiation levels of Hakka dialect are mainly the result of different etymologies.Although there are some components of different etymologies,the differentiation levels of Hakka dialect are mainly caused by the change of word meaning,that is,homologous and heterologous.Compared with previous studies,the comparison in this paper involves multiple regions and has a wider field of vision.In hierarchical division,this paper focuses on the consistency of core morphemes rather than the sameness of surface morphemes,but at the same time,it also considers the role of non-core morphemes with distinctive characteristics in hierarchical division.In this paper,we give the corresponding examples of the four levels and the class,and make a detailed textual research,which can be used as a reference for the cross-regional level analysis of Hakka dialects.