Characteristics Of Risk Decision Making And Intertemporal Decision Making In Subclinical Patients

Obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD)is characterized by the involuntary entry of unnecessary thoughts,images,thoughts and impulses into consciousness(obsessive-compulsive thinking).Individuals try to neutralize obsessive-compulsive thinking through repetitive behavior and mental behavior(obsessive-compulsive behavior).Subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals are healthy people with the same or similar symptoms of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder,and they may have specific disorders or functional defects of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.A large number of previous studies have confirmed that subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals can provide a meaningful and valuable explanation for the related research of obsessive-compulsive disorder.Some researchers believe that obsessive-compulsive disorder is a kind of decision-making disorder,and impaired decision-making may be the main cause of the disease.Therefore,starting from the decision-making function of obsessive-compulsive disorder may provide an important reference path for the understanding of the psychological pathological mechanism of obsessive-compulsive disorder.In addition,the orbitofrontal cortex,anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala in the cortex striatum thalamus cortex(CSTC)model,which is the mainstream pathophysiological model of obsessive-compulsive disorder,are closely related to the perception of reward and punishment,conflict and error monitoring in decision-making.Therefore,whether the decision-making function of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder is impaired can help us further understand the pathophysiological mechanism of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder indirectly.At present,the results of decision-making research on patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are inconsistent.There is no clear conclusion on whether there are obstacles in decision-making of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and what kind of decision-making is damaged.At the same time,few studies have investigated the background factors that affect the decision-making process of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.These background factors are very important to determine the behavior mechanism of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Profit and loss background and gain and loss framework are the two main background factors influencing decision-making.Risk decision-making and intertemporal decision-making are two common decision-making forms in the daily life of OCD patients.Therefore,this study attempts to systematically explore the characteristics of risk decision-making and intertemporal decision-making of subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals,as well as the impact of profit and loss background and gain and loss framework on subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals’ decision-making.In Study 1,65 subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals and 64 control subjects were selected as the research objects.Cup task variant was used to explore the characteristics of risk decision-making of subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals,and the effects of profit and loss background and gain and loss framework on risk decision-making of subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals were investigated.The experiment adopts a three factor mixed experimental design of 2(subject group: subclinical compulsive subjects and control subjects)×2(profit and loss background: profit and loss background)×2(gain and loss framework: gain and loss framework).Subject group and profit and loss background are inter subject factors,gain and loss framework are intra subject factors,and the proportion of risk options and reaction time are dependent variables.The results are as follows:(1)the proportion of risk option selection in risk decision-making: there is a significant difference between the two groups,the subclinical forced individuals choose more definite options than the control group.the main effect of profit and loss background is not significant,the main effect of gain and loss framework is significant,the proportion of risk option selection in gain and loss framework is significantly lower than that in loss framework.the interaction of profit and loss background,gain and loss framework and group is not significant,the profit and loss framework is not significant The interaction between background and group is not significant,the interaction between gain and loss framework and group is not significant.the interaction between amount and group is not significant,the interaction between probability level and group is not significant.(2)The results of risk decision-making reaction time were as follows: there was significant difference in reaction time between the two groups,and subclinical compulsive individuals had longer choice time than the control group.the interaction of profit and loss background,gain and loss framework and group was not significant,the interaction of profit and loss background and group was not significant,the interaction of gain and loss framework and group was significant,and the difference of gain and loss framework in subclinical compulsive individuals’ choice reaction time was not significant,In the experimental paradigm,the interaction between amount and group was significant,and the interaction between probability level and group was significant.Subclinical compulsive individuals had longer reaction time in different amount and probability levels than the control group.In Study 2,62 subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals and 64 control subjects were selected as the research objects.The characteristics of intertemporal decision-making of subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals were explored by using delay discount task,and the effects of profit and loss background and gain and loss framework on intertemporal decision-making of subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals were also investigated.The experiment adopted a three factor mixed experimental design of 2(subject group: subclinical compulsive subjects and control subjects)× 2(profit and loss background: profit and loss background)×2(gain and loss framework: gain and loss framework).Subject group and profit and loss background were inter subject factors,gain and loss framework were intra subject factors,area under curve(AUC)and reaction time were dependent variables.The results show that:(1)the AUC of intertemporal decision-making results:the AUC of the two groups is significantly different,the AUC of subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals is significantly lower than that of the control group,indicating that subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals have higher delay discount and choose more immediate options.the main effect of profit and loss background is not significant,the main effect of gain and loss framework is significant,the AUC of gain and loss framework is significantly lower than that of loss framework.profit and loss background,gain and loss framework and group The interaction is not significant,the interaction between profit and loss background and group is not significant,the interaction between gain and loss framework and group is not significant.the interaction between amount and group in the experimentalparadigm is not significant.(2)Results of intertemporal decision-making reaction time: there was significant difference in reaction time between the two groups,and subclinical compulsive individuals had longer choice time than the control group.the interaction of profit and loss background,gain and loss framework and group was not significant,the interaction of profit and loss background and group was not significant,the interaction of gain and loss framework and group was not significant.the interaction of amount and group in the experimental paradigm was significant,and the delay time was not significant There was no significant interaction between the two groups.According to the results of study 1 and Study 2,the following conclusions are drawn:(1)In terms of risk decision preference,subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals choose more definite options than the control group,showing the characteristics of risk avoidance.in terms of risk decision speed,subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals have longer reaction time,showing the characteristics of "indecision".The frame of gain and loss,the amount and the level of probability will have different effects on the speed of risk decision-making of subclinical compulsive individuals,but will not affect the final choice preference.(2)In the intertemporal decision-making preference,subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals have smaller AUC,larger delay discount,prefer immediate options,and show impulsive characteristics;in the intertemporal decision-making speed,subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals have longer decision-making reaction time,showing the characteristics of "indecision".Profit and loss background,gain and loss framework,amount of money and delay time will not have different effects on the intertemporal decision-making of subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals.(3)Subclinical compulsive individuals have the same characteristics in risk decision-making and intertemporal decision-making,showing "risk avoidance" and "indecision".The same characteristics suggest that risk decision-making and intertemporal decision-making may have the same psychological process.(4)Subclinical obsessive-compulsive individuals are impaired in intertemporal decision-making and risk decision-making,which is not affected by gain and loss framework and profit and loss background.Both groups were affected by gain and loss framing effect,but gain and loss framing effect did not affect the decision-making speed of subclinical forced individuals.