Study On The Tribal Issues In The National Reconstruction Of Afghanistan

Since 2001,Afghanistan has entered a new era of national reconstruction.Tribal society is still a structural variable that affects national reconstruction,and the multidimensional interaction between them constitutes the basic theme of national reconstruction.So far,the Pashtun tribe is the largest and most integrated social organization in Afghanistan.The tribal society of Afghanistan is mainly composed of two major tribal systems of Pashtun: Durrani and Ghilzai.Although there have been many new changes in the Afghan tribal community since the Afghan war,it still retains its basic characteristics.On the whole,the Afghan tribal society belongs to“Introverted Society”,“Self-organizing Society”,“Segmentary Society” and “Conflict Society”.These characteristics are embodied in all aspects of national reconstruction and continue to influence the reconstruction process of Afghanistan in different forms.In the end,this essentially reflects the structural contradiction between modern states and tribal societies that is,the conflicts between centralization and decentralization.In Afghanistan,this structural contradiction has shaped the state of “Strong society” and“Weak state” attributes,and the economic resources needed to maintain state power mainly derived from a large amount of external aid,not from the interior of the tribal society.Afghanistan has thus become a “Rentier States”.This kind of national characteristics has brought many problems to the reconstruction of Afghanistan,making it unable to dominate the reconstruction of the state by itself,and realizing the real “Afghan-owned” and “Afghan-ruled”.The root cause of this problem is that the tribal society is always the core variable that can not be ignored in the national reconstruction.Specifically,in the political and security reconstruction of Afghanistan,tribal identity hinders the normal operation of modern electoral politics,and the legalization of state power and modern state governance are also closely related to the tribal society.Tribal politics determines the political development trend of the state to a large extent.As the social foundation of the Taliban and tribal warlords,winning the support of tribal groups is the top priority for Afghanistan to solve the security crisis and warlord problems.As a multi-ethnic state,inter-ethnic conflicts are also an important aspect of national security reconstruction,but these fierce conflicts bear a deep “tribal imprint” behind them.However,tribal militias are an important force in the construction of public security in Afghanistan.In addition,the self-sufficiency of the tribal economies in the economic and social governance of Afghanistan limits the improvement of the state’s economic capacity.The poppy,which represents the drug economy,grows in the soil of the tribal society,making the state of economic structure increasingly deformed.The few paths of economic development are also inextricably linked to the tribal society.Tribal society is a “Conflict Society”,and there is enduring tension within it.Traditional social conflict is a difficult problem in Afghan social governance.Tribal culture is the “Cultural Gene” that triggers conflicts in traditional society.But the traditional tribal system is the “lubricant” that promotes social reconciliation.Inequality of gender culture is an important reason for the low status of women.The key to improving the status of women in Afghanistan is to build an equal gender culture in a patriarchal tribal society.The rise of political Islam in Afghanistan is also a product of the integration of religious forces and the mobilization of tribal society to participate in political activities.Finally,in the development of Afghanistan’s foreign relations,tribal social attributes have a profound impact on the great power politics of Afghanistan.On the one hand,tribal organizations belong to “Segmentary Society”,and the social structure is highly heterogeneous and fragmented,which provides opportunities for external intervention;on the other hand,tribal groups belong to “Introverted Society”and the closed and independent way of production and life shapes people’s spirit of pursuing independence and freedom.The intervention of external forces often encounters strong resistance from tribal societies,making Afghanistan the “heart of Asia” named “Imperial Cemetery”.The cross-border ties of tribal societies also pose great challenges to Afghanistan-Pakistan relations.Sovereignty disputes,security crisis issues and refugee issues closely related to cross-border tribes have long plagued the relations between the two states.As the leader of Afghanistan’s national reconstruction,the United States is also performing a “tragedy of great power politics” in its involvement in Afghan affairs due to its “unacceptable” to the native tribal society of Afghanistan.National reconstruction is the reconstruction of modern nation-state.From the perspective of the state-society relationship,state building is a process of multiple interactions between the state and society.In other words,the relationship between modern states and traditional society is institutionalized.In this process,the state does not want to integrate dispersed social power by force,but to regard society as an organic variable that interacts positively,rather than responding negatively,and establishes a good interactive relationship with it.In a state dominated by a traditional society,due to the limited ability to adjust the relationship between the two sides,its state building faces many difficulties.Afghanistan is a typical example of this type of“Strong Society” and “Weak State.” It is precisely because the state and tribal society have not had a benign interaction,the state has been trying to establish strong social control,extending the authority of the state above all social organizations to the tribal society pursuing independence and freedom,which aroused the rebellion of tribal society.The centralization of the state and the incompetence of the government will eventually go hand in hand,and it is difficult for the state to contend with the predicament of the tribal society.State building is struggling.It is an important issue to explore the the transition path of traditional tribal society in modern nation-state and make the state and tribal society form an interactive relationship that promotes and adapts to each other that affects the future prospects of Afghan reconstruction.