The Governance Of The Vassal Department And The State-building In The Qing Dynasty

State-building is the integration of diversified and fragmented territories into territories with unified sovereignty through a series of institutional settings,integrating multi-ethnic groups with relatively different lifestyles,historical cultures and religious beliefs into a unified political community.Continuously realize the integration within the country and ultimately promote national identity and national capacity.The institutional legacy left in the governance of the vassals in the Qing Dynasty can provide some inspiration and reference for the construction of modern nation-states.From the Ministry of Minority Affairs set up in the early Qing Dynasty to the system of the Minister of the Generals in the 18 th century,and finally in the late Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty,the establishment of the province in Xinjiang reflected the dynamic process of actively constructing the country in the border areas in the Qing Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty,through war,and alliances,China expanded its territory as a unified national significance.The establishment of the Ministry of Minority Affairs is to integrate the heterogeneity and fragmentation of the east and west sides of the "Aihui-Tengchong" line into a unified political community in the form of a national system,which constitutes a component of the multi-platform territory of the Qing Dynasty.Through the establishment of institutions and functions,the Ministry of Minority Affairs stipulates the scope and mode of national governance of nomadic communities,that is,the realization of human governance on the basis of territorial integration.The scope of "Fan" in the Ministry of Minority Affairs includes Mongolia and Inner Mongolia,Qinghai Mongolia,Xinjiang Erlut and Hui and the Tibetan Lama.The methods of governance include delineating the nomadic boundary,the upper level of the seal,the organization of the alliance,the establishment of the military station,the Annual audience.Under the system of the Ministry of Minority Affairs,the stability of the minority groups in the border areas was incorporated into the national political system,effectively controlling the central government’s control over the border areas.These institutional settings include regular associations,Zhasak’sflag-making,Yonghe Lamasery’s establishment of the Golden Bottle System and the annual audience,which also increased the dependence of Khalkha Mongolia on Beijing.In the 18 th century,with the strong prosperity of Junggar Mongolia,the Qing Dynasty began to establish a system of garrisoning ministers in the cadres.On the one hand,the Qing Dynasty added the grade of the Minister of the General Garrison to the importance of border governance.On the one hand,the combination of administrative infiltration and rule by law led to the entry of state power into the frontier society.In the middle of the 19 th century,the interruption of the mainland’s association silver led to the collapse of the administrative institutions in Xinjiang.The turbulent situation in the country caused the members of the HeZhuo family to intensify the intrusion into southern Xinjiang.Therefore,in the late Qing Dynasty,the province and counties were widely established in Xinjiang.The establishment of a border governance system represented by the provinces indicates that state power has further penetrated into local communities.The Han people and turban Muslims in Xinjiang were allowed to move freely,and the Qing Dynasty began to build the efforts of the state based on a homogenous society.It was the efforts to recover Xinjiang in the last years of the Qing Dynasty and the continuity of the system of preferential treatment of the frontiers laid the foundation for the construction of the Republic of China.