The Phonetic System Research Of Wushan (Chengguan Town) Dialect

Wushan County is located in the southeast of Gansu Province and the northwest of Tianshui City.According to《the Language Atlas of China》(2012 edition),its dialect belongs to Qinlong Section of Zhongyuan Mandarin.Wushan dialect have different accents,this article selects Wu Shan Chengguan town of old-school accent(later referred to as "Wushan dialect")as the main research object,through field investigation,systematically describes the Wushan dialect phonetic system.By comparing with Beijing pronunciation and middle ancient pronunciation,this paper reveals the phonetic characteristics of Wushan dialect from synchronic and diachronic perspectives.There are 28 initials,31 finals and 4 tones in Wushan dialect.There are four groups of affricates in the initials: ts group,(?)group,and (?)group,and (?)group is mainly matched with Hekouhu,and can also be matched with Kaikouhu and Qichihu.The initials of k group can be matched with Qichihu,and the characters of these vowels are all ancient opening first class characters.Nimu and Laimu spell Hongyin and Laimu spell Qichihu read l initials,Nimu spell Qiyin read (?),Laimu spell mouth read (?).There are differences in the sources of the words of the finals reading iε and the words of the finals reading (?).The words of the finals reading iε are mainly the jing group and the Jianxi character,and the words of the finals reading (?) are mainly the bang group,the duan group,the ni group and the Zhixi.Xianshe and Shanshe confluence,the main vowel nasalization.Dangshe and Jiangshe confluent after reading nose tail (?) rhyme.Shenshe,Zhenshe,Zengshe,Gengshe and Tongshe confluence,after reading nose tail (?) rhyme.The ancient Qingru,Cizhuoru into the present read Yinping,the ancient Quanzhuoru into the present read Yangping.Wushan dialect is rich in the phenomenon of phonetic alternation,including phonetic alternation,assimilation,alienation,weakening,consonance and so on.Discussed in this paper,the even read tone sandhi is limited to two word group,including the general two word group,and the function words and er-tail two word group.In general,there are 16 types of tone combinations and 15 types of tone patterns in the two-word group.The tone of the ligation is consistent with the tone of the four single words,and the 21 of the last word is light and short in auditory sense.There are some special places in the connection tone of the grammatical function words,the last word is not read 53 connection tone.There are some consistencies and inconsistencies between the dimorpheme of the er-tail and the dimorpheme of grammatical function words.Other hyphenation phenomena include assimilation,dissimilation,weakening and consonance.In Wushan dialect,there is a rich phenomenon of different pronunciations of written and spoken,and a large number of ancient sounds at different time levels are retained in the written layer.For example,the consonants of the second class characters retain the pronunciations of k/k‘ /x,some of the different reading of written and spoken belong to the differences of the new factions and old factions,the old factions is inherent in Wushan dialect,the new factions is mainly influenced by the Mandarin.There is a strict correspondence between the phonetic system of Wushan dialect and that of Beijing phonetic system.From the perspective of Wushan dialect,there are12 initials,13 finals and 4 tones in the one-to-one relationship;one to two,11 initials and 10 finals;one to three,5 initials,3 finals;one to four,4 finals;one to six,2 finals.In addition to the one-to-one relationship,other corresponding relations are conditional,so that we can summarize the corresponding laws between Wushan dialect and Beijing pronunciation,these laws have important guiding significance for Wushan people to learn Mandarin.Modern Chinese dialects are all evolved from ancient Chinese.Through the comparison between the pronunciation of Wushan dialect and the pronunciation of ancient Chinese,we can see the origin,evolution law and phonological characteristics of Wushan dialect.The phonetic evolution of Wushan dialect is roughly similar to that of Beijing pronunciation,but it also has its own unique place.In terms of consonants,the ancient turbid consonants are all Qinghua,and the Pingsheng is Songqi,and the part of Zesheng is not Songqi,and part is Songqi;It doesn’t discriminate between Jianyin and Tuanyin,ancient Jing group word Hongyin reading (?) group,Xiyin reading (?) group,ancient Jian and Xiao group Hongyin reading k group,and Xiyin reading (?) group;Part of the ancient Yingmu,Yimu word read k initials;Ancient Weimu are now read v initials(u final only)and (?) initials;Ancient Rimu and modern Beijing dialect to read (?) initials(only (?) rhyme)and part of the (?) initials,Wushan dialect spoken to read the z initials.From the perspective of finals,some ancient opening first class words have i intertone;Jiashe Hekou second class and other She in the current Beijing dialect ua finals,Wushan dialect read (?) finals,and confluence with the Hekou Rusheng of Guoshe,Dangshe and Jiangshe;Part of the Liukaisan Laimu word does not have i intertone;Xieshe and Zhishe words today Beijing read ei and ai,the word in Wushan dialect are read as ε;The ancient Xianshe Shusheng rhyme was merged into Shanshe;The Shusheng rhyme of ancient Dangshe and Jiangshe converges;The Shusheng rhyme of ancient Zengshe and Zhenshe was merged into the Shusheng rhyme of ZengGeng Tong she.In terms of tone,Pingsheng is divided into Yingping and Yangping;Turbid initials on the sound of the word to read the Qusheng;The ancient Qingru,Cizhuoru into the present read Yinping,the ancient Quanzhuoru into the present read Yangping.The above is the general law of evolution,and there are also exceptional words that do not conform to the law of evolution.Based on the relevant linguistic theories,we have made a preliminary analysis and Discussion on the causes of exceptional words.