Children’s Understanding Of Authentic Pride And Hubristic Pride

Pride is a kind of positive self-conscious emotion.One feels pride when he achieves success and attributes it to himself.In recent years,studies have found that pride is not a unified construct,but includes two aspects: authentic pride and hubristic pride.Authentic pride is achievement orientated,which represents the genuine feeling of self-worth;hubristic pride is egocentric,which reflects the exaggeration of self-worth.Children live in peer groups and are exposed to various emotions expressed by peers,including pride.Pride recognition and understanding may play an important role in children’s social interaction.Based on the two-dimensional theory of pride,the present study investigated children’s understanding of pride(including expression recognition and emotional situation understanding)and their social evaluation of pride through five studies.In Study 1 and Study 2,we used foreign face video materials from previous studies and adapted Chinese face video materials to investigate children’s recognition of authentic pride and hubristic pride.The results showed that the recognition rates of7-to 8-year-old children and 10-to 11-year-old children were well above chance level,and the recognition rate of 10-to 11-year-old children was higher than that of 7-to 8-year-old children.In addition,compared with hubristic pride expression,children of both age groups gave higher social evaluation to the characters who expressed authentic pride.In Study 3,situational stories were used to probe children’s understanding of pride.Children aged 7-8 and 10-11 were able to use effort information to distinguish between authentic pride and hubristic pride,and they believed that protagonist high in effort experienced more authentic pride and less hubristic pride.Furthermore,children of both age groups gave lower social evaluation to hubristic protagonist.In order to investigate whether children can use ability information to distinguish between authentic pride and hubristic pride,study 4 adapted situational stories and found that 7-to 8-year-old children can use ability information to distinguish between authentic pride and hubristic pride.Seven to eight-year-old children believed that individuals with high ability were more likely to experience hubristic pride than those with low ability when achieving success;while children aged 10-11 tended to rely on effort information to distinguish authentic pride and hubristic pride.In addition,7-to8-year-old children’s social evaluation of the protagonist was regulated by achievement domain.In the domain of mathematics examination,7-to 8-year-old children gave the hubristic protagonist lower liking;in the domain of sports,7-to8-year-old children’s evaluation of the protagonist was not affected byhubristic pride.Children aged 10-11 gave the hubristic protagonist lower social evaluation consistently.Study 5 highlighted the differences in the ability and effort of the protagonists.The results showed that children aged 7-8 and 10-11 believed that individuals with low effort and high ability experience more hubristic pride and authentic pride after success than those with high effort and low ability.In conclusion,the results are as follows:(1)Children aged 7-8 and 10-11 can recognize authentic pride and hubristic pride,and the recognition rate of 10-to11-year-old children was higher than 7-to 8-year-old children.(2)Children aged 7-8and 10-11 can use effort information to distinguish authentic pride from hubristic pride.(3)When ability and effort information were manipulated at the same time,children aged 7-8 and 10-11 believed that the protagonist with high ability and low effort experienced more hubristic pride and authentic pride than the protagonist with low ability and high effort.(4)Children aged 7-8 and 10-11 gave higher social evaluation to authentic pride and lower social evaluation to hubristic pride.