| The Song Dynasty was a prosperous period for the development of academy education.Bailudong Academy,Yingtianfu Academy,Yuelu Academy and Songyang Academy were praised as the "four academies" in the Song Dynasty.The four academies contained rich educational content,including teaching content,teaching characteristics,teaching methods and teaching management.The education of the four academies served the society of the Song Dynasty,and their advanced educational thoughts are also worthy of reference for current education.The academy originated from the folks in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty.The economy of the Northern Song Dynasty is developed and has advanced printing technology.At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty,the court strongly supported the academies,Buddhism and Taoism provided the experience for the location of the academy,and Buddhism’s speech form also promoted the development of the academy,these favorable conditions promoted the academy to enter the "golden period" of its development in the Song Dynasty.Under the background,Bailudong Academy,Yingtianfu Academy,Yuelu Academy and Songyang Academy were known as the "four academies".The Jin Dynasty Army invaded south and the Northern Song Dynasty was perished.Yingtianfu Academy was destroyed in the war.Songyang Academy was abolished in the Jin Dynasty.Bailudong Academy and Yuelu Academy continued in the Southern Song Dynasty.The four academies in Song Dynasty educated students to learn Confucian classics,and their teaching contents contained Neo-Confucianism.They also advocated practical education and cultivated practical talents.“《Bailudong Academy announcement》”contains rich Confucian educational thoughts,which was promulgated in Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy in the Southern Song Dynasty to cultivate academy students.The four academies showed the characteristics of focusing on moral education,the exchange of famous teachers’lectures and teacher-student interaction in teaching.In the teaching of the four academies in Song Dynasty,the teaching methods of internal teachers ’ lectures and inviting foreign teachers ’ lectures were adopted.Bailudong College also adopts the teaching method of " teaching in tour." The teaching methods of Yuelu Academy include both teachers ’ lectures and ’ lectures ’between masters of different schools.The four major academies form the teaching management mode of the mountain director responsibility system,and also create a beautiful learning environment for students.Bailudong College and Yuelu College adopted a joint management mode,and strictly selected teachers.In terms of enrollment management,Bailudong College is an administrator.Tianfu College pays attention to students ’ morality and diligence.Yuelu College generally has quotas for enrollment,and there is also a situation of expanding enrollment.Bailudong Academy,Yingtianfu Academy and Yuelu Academy adopted various ways to restrain students ’behaviors and make them study in courtesy.Bailudong Academy carried out standardized management of funds and books.In the Northern Song Dynasty,the four academies supported the imperial examination education because of the influence of the imperial court.Compared with Songyang Academy and Yingtianfu Academy in the Northern Song Dynasty,Bailudong Academy and Yuelu Academy in the Southern Song Dynasty opposed the idea that only imperial examination was teaching,which was related to the social environment of the Southern Song Dynasty and the addiction of official schools in the Southern Song Dynasty to imperial examination education.There are differences in teaching methods and teaching management among the four academies.The difference in teaching management is reflected in the location of Yingtianfu College in metropolis and Bailudong College.Four Academy in the early Northern Song Dynasty has replaced the role of official education,but also the drawbacks of official discipline education play a correction role.The outstanding educational achievements of the four academies have cultivated many talents for the society of the Song Dynasty.The joint school-running and teaching management classification mode of Yuelu Academy and Bailudong Academy,as well as the ’ lecture system ’ teaching mode of Yuelu Academy are worthy of reference for today’s education. |
