A Study On The Place Names Of Qinghai In Ming And Qing Dynasties And The Republic Of China

Qinghai is located in the northeast of Qinghai Tibet Plateau,which is a traditional farming pastoral area in China.In the historical period of Qinghai Province,Han,Qiang,Tibetan,Tu,Hui,Mongol,Salar and other ethnic groups have been active successively,and many ethnic groups have formed their own characteristic,harmonious and symbiotic compound ethnic settlement form in the long-term interaction and exchange.Affected by this,Qinghai in the historical period produced and retained a considerable number of place name information.These rich and diverse cultural resources of place names not only show distinctive local characteristics,but also become an important source of constructing contemporary Qinghai culture.The existing research shows that the management and governance of the central dynasties over the Qinghai minority areas has always been an important part of their control over the northwest.Therefore,on the one hand,the naming of geographical names in Qinghai is affected by the regional geographical environment and the distribution pattern of ethnic groups;on the other hand,it is closely related to the administrative measures and regional adjustment of the central dynasties in previous dynasties.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China,with the continuous strengthening of the central government’s control over the Qinghai area and the increasingly active communication among all ethnic groups in Qinghai,all kinds of place names in Qinghai area showed some new contents,and the change trend and cultural connotation of place names also showed new characteristics and laws.In view of this,this paper focuses on the naming characteristics of geographical names and the political,economic and cultural characteristics reflected in them,and shows the rich and diverse cultural connotations of geographical names in Qinghai.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China,the Toponymic types in Qinghai showed two systems: agricultural area and pastoral area.This Toponymic classification was based on the common results of ethnic distribution,production mode and national governance strategy.In the Ming Dynasty,the management of Qinghai was mainly concentrated in the East,while the control of the central government was weak in the areas outside the East.According to thepreliminary statistics,in the Ming Dynasty,the names of agricultural areas in Qinghai were named,among which "ditch" and "bay" were the names of natural place names and "surname" was the names of cultural place names.In the Qing Dynasty,the names of military fortresses in the Ming Dynasty were mostly kept in the rural areas in the eastern part of Qinghai,and special names such as "Gong","zu" and "Si" were kept in the areas inhabited by ethnic minorities,reflecting distinct human characteristics.In the vast pastoral areas,the Qing government followed the restraint of zasa to make Mongolian tribes into banners,and at the same time,it strengthened the system of thousands of households in the Tibetan areas inhabited by ethnic minorities As a family name,the surname of the first person evolved into the place name of the region where he lived.It can be seen that the names of pastoral areas are mainly characterized by geographical environment and tribal leaders,or from personal or ethnic names to the concept of geographical space.During the period of the Republic of China,the establishment of Qinghai Province triggered the drastic adjustment of regional social grass-roots organizations,which basically determined all kinds of place names in Qinghai Province at all levels.These Toponymic information fully reflects the coexistence of various ethnic groups in the area of Qinghai Province.