| In this experiment,the effects of Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate on the growth performance,serum biochemical parameters,intestinal antioxidant capacity,morphology and intestinal non-specific immunity and microbial community of common carp were investigated.Provide a theoretical basis for the selection of carp feed additives.The first chapter studies the effects of Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate on the growth performance and body composition of common carp.320 Songpu Mirror(11,90±0.76g)were selected and randomly divided into 8 groups with 4 replicates in each group and 10 fishes per replicate.The test group was the control group,and 3×107 CFU/kg(C1),3×108 CFU/kg(C2),3×109 CFU/kg(C3)Clostridium butyricum and 500 mg/kg(S1),1000 mg/kg(S2),2000 mg/kg sodium butyrate(S3)and 3 x 108 CFU/kg Clostridium butyricum+1000 mg/kg sodium butyrate(CS)were added to the basal diet.Eight groups of test fish were fed separately and fed for 8 weeks.The results showed that compared with the control group,the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of each test group were improved,but the difference was not significant(P>0.05).The feed coefficient of C1 group was significantly lower than S1 group,and the weight gain rate of C1 group was higher.The specific growth rate of the C3 group and the S1 group was significantly higher than that of the C3,S1 and S2 groups(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the fat factor and the visceral ratio between the groups(P>0.05).Compared with the control group,the crude protein levels of the fish in the C2,C3,S3 and CS groups were significantly increased,and the crude fat in the C3,S3 and CS groups was significantly increased.The crude ash in the control group and the C1 group was significantly lower than that in the control group.S1 and S3 groups(P<0.05);the moisture content of each test group was lower than that of the control group,but the difference was not significant(P>0.05).The second chapter studies the effects of Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate on the antioxidant capacity and serum biochemical parameters of common carp.The results showed that compared with the control group,the total protein in the serum of C1,C2 and CS groups was significantly increased,and the globulin of each group was significantly increased(P<0.05).The alanine aminotransferase in the control group was significantly higher than that in the S2 and S3 groups.(P<0.05);except for the C1 and CS groups,the aspartate aminotransferase in the control group was higher than the other groups(P>0.05).Compared with the control group,the triglyceride levels in the C3 and S1 groups were significantly lower,and the total cholesterol in the C3 and S2 groups was significantly lower,and the blood glucose was significantly lower in each test group(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,except for C1,the activity of T-SOD in the foregut was significantly increased in the other groups,and the activity of intestinal T-SOD was significantly increased in each test group,and the T-SOD in the intestine of C2,C3,S2,S3 and CS groups.The activity was significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,except for the S1 group,the MDA content in the foregut was significantly decreased in the other groups,and the MDA content in the midgut of C2,C3,S2,and S3 was significantly decreased,and the MDA content in the intestine after C2,C3,and S2 was significantly decreased(P<0.05)..Compared with the control group,the GSH activity in the foregut was significantly increased in each test group.Except for C1 and S1,the GSH activity in the other groups was significantly increased.Except C1,the GSH activity in the other groups was significantly increased(P<0.05)..The third chapter studies the effects of Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate on intestinal growth and development.The results showed that compared with the control group,except for the C1,S1 and CS groups,the protease activities of the foregut and midgut were significantly increased in the other groups(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in intestinal protease activity between the experimental groups(P>0.05).Compared with the control group,except for C1 and S1,the activity of lipase in the other groups was significantly increased,the activity of intestinal lipase in C3 and S3 was significantly increased,and the activity of intestinal lipase in C2 group was significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the height of the intestine folds increased in each group,and the S2 and S3 groups were significantly increased(P<0.05),and the intestinal folds in C1 and C3 were significantly increased(P<0.05).The width of the intestine folds in the S2 group was significantly increased(P<0.05),and the width of the intestine folds in the S3 group was significantly increased(P<0.05).The width of the intestine folds in the S2 group was significantly greater than that in the other groups(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the thickness of the foregut muscle layer increased in each test group,and the S2 group increased significantly,and the thickness of the intestinal muscle layer increased significantly after S2 and CS(P<0.05).The fourth chapter studies the effects of Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate on the TLR22 signaling pathway in the intestinal tract of Songpu.The results showed that the expression of TLR22 in the S1 group was significantly higher than that in the C1 and C2 groups(P<0.05).The expression of MyD88 in the S1 group was significantly higher than that in the control group.There was no significant difference in the expression of TNF-α,IRF3 and IL-8 between the groups(P>0.05).These two additives can not activate the TLR22 signaling pathway.The fifth chapter studies the effects of Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate on the intestinal flora of Songpu.The results showed that there was no significant difference in abundance and diversity between the two groups(P>0.05),but compared with the control group,Chao1 and Shannon had an increasing trend.The dominant bacteria in each test group were Clostridium,but the number of Clostridium was reduced in the rest of the control group,among which CS decreased the most,but the proteobacteria increased significantly,and actinomyeetes and sputum appeared.Fungi,green curvum and cyanobacteria;Adding Clostridium butyricum reduced the intestinal wall of the carp and decreased significantly when the concentration reached 3×108 CFU/kg.On the contrary,the Bacteroides and Proteobacteria increased,but the dominant flora remained the shuttle.In summary,the following conclusions are drawn:1.Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate had no significant effect on the growth performance of Matsuura.Within a certain range,high concentrations of Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate can significantly increase the crude protein content and crude fat content of fish,reduce the water content of fish,and improve the quality of fish.2.Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate can increase the total protein and globulin content in serum of Songpujing,reduce the content of triglyceride,cholesterol and blood sugar,indicating that Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate can enhance the resistance of fish.Maintain healthy liver and normal fatty acid metabolism.3.Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate can promote the secretion of amylase,lipase and protease in the intestinal tract of Songpu,and promote the height and width of the intestinal fold,the thickness of the muscle layer,and the butyric acid.Clostridium can significantly increase the height of the midgut folds in the Songpu mirror,while sodium butyrate can significantly increase the height of the anterior intestine folds in the Songpu mirror,indicating that both additives can maintain the health of the Songpu mirror and improve the digestion and absorption of food.4.Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate could not activate the TLR22 pathway of Songpujing,and had no significant effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin IL-8,interferon regulatory factor IRF3 and anti-tumor necrosis factor TNF-α.5.Clostridium butyricum and sodium butyrate can optimize the structure distribution of the sputum flora of Songpu,increase the microbial diversity of the gut and maintain the dynamic balance of intestinal microbes. |
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