| Based on the comprehensive discussion and comparison of the current progress and methods of the relevant experiments of soundscape ecology at home and abroad,this paper explores the composition characteristics,composition of anthrophony’s source and variation of anthrophony.Anthrophony is one of the soundscape elements in the urban environment,which is the main part of the urban soundscape.Compared with other domestic soundscape experiments,this experiment takes the lead in using automatic recording equipments and automatic interception softwares to record and process anthrophony,and through the semiautomatic calculations and analysis methods,obtains the composition characteristics and diurnal variations of anthrophony,and further analyzes the existence value of anthrophony in combination with the changes of biophony.In this study,36 observation points in 10 urban parks within the fifth-ring road in Beijing were selected as experimental sites.From December 2018 to November 2019,24-hour of continuous sound recordings and collections were conducted in 36 sample sites in four seasons and the questionnaires were collected from summer to autumn in 2019.This paper mainly studied the temporal and spatial variation rules of anthrophony in Beijing urban parks,as well as the source and composition of anthrophony,and conducted a subjective evaluation experiment on anthrophony soundscape.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Anthrophony in Beijing urban parks are mainly distributed at low frequencies of 200-2500 Hz,which occupies a major position in the soundscape rather than the biophony.The annual anthrophony energy value of all parks accounts for more than 50%.(2)There are 44 kinds of anthrophony in Beijing urban parks,including 43 recognized anthrophony sources and other unrecognized activity sounds.According to the types of sound sources,anthrophony can be classified into 4 types of sources including 6 kinds of traffic sounds,5 kinds of human sounds,9 kinds of mechanic-electronic sounds and 24 kinds of activity sounds.The duration of time of speaking sounds are the longest(33.60%)and the activity sounds are the shortest(21.00%).According to the classification of acoustic characteristics,it can be divided into discrete anthrophony and continuous anthrophony,there are 15 kinds of discrete anthrophony and 29 kinds of continuous anthrophony,with continuous anthrophony as the main type(>90%).(3)There is a significant difference in the day-night structure of anthrophony in Beijing urban parks.The anthrophony source in the daytime is obviously more than in the night.The anthrophony in the daytime is mainly human sounds,while the anthrophony in the night is mainly traffic sounds and mechanic-electronic sounds from the outside of the park.In the comparison of the anthrophony energy variation,the daytime anthrophony is slightly less than the night.(4)There is little difference in the composition of anthrophony sources among four seasons,but the daily variation of anthrophony energy in four seasons is quite different.Among them,the duration of anthrophony source is the shortest in winter,but the energy of anthrophony is the lowest in summer.However the energy and duration of anthrophony is more in spring and autumn when the source of human sounds appear the most in the park and the source of mechanic-electronic sounds are the least.In winter,the source of mechanic-electronic sounds appear the most,and the source of human sounds are the least.In summer,the source of human sounds are the most,and the source of traffic sounds are the least.(5)From the daily variation of the anthrophony soundscape index,we found that the minimum of anthrophony is possibly appears between 3:00～4:00 in the morning and12:00～14:00 in the afternoon,that is,when the anthrophony is less.From the seasonal difference of the anthrophony soundscape index,the anthrophony is usually less in summer and more in spring in urban parks.Meanwhile,ρ and NDSI index is negatively correlated with the anthrophony’s PSD value.(6)Among the 10 urban parks,Feng Yi park has the most anthrophony sound,followed by Zhong Shan park and Xing Long park.In the comparison of the annual anthrophony energy PSD value of each park,Feng Yi park has the most anthrophony,followed by Xing Long park and Ling Long park.(7)In the comparison of 5 kinds of park types,green space has the most anthrophony,followed by specialized park,the third is community park,and the country park has the least anthrophony.In addition,under the urban gradient,the park area has a significant positive correlation with the anthrophony,while the other factors have no obvious correlation.(8)Anthrophony can affect the perception and evaluation of the park’s soundscape,which is an important factor affecting the public’s recreation experience.Gender and age will closely influence the subjective evaluation results of soundscape.The results show that if the park’s soundscape is more harmonious and quiet,the overall satisfaction of the soundscape is better,and if the soundscape evaluation has a higher score,the landscape evaluation is better.Respondents always like biophony and geophony,while most of them accept anthrophony but do not like it.In all sources of anthrophony,singing,musical instrument sound,footsteps and exercise sound are highly rated,while the most hated sound is construction sound. |
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