Analysis And Key Areas Identification Of Ecosystem Services Supply And Demand In The Core Area Of Hani Terraces Heritage Site

The proposal of Ecosystem Service（ES）which includes many research subjects,provides a conceptual framework for multidisciplinary research and even interdisciplinary research.Therefore,ES research has become hot issues and difficulties in multidisciplinary and cross-disciplinary research such as geography,ecology,and management science.Ecosystem service（ES）is a hotspot of interdisciplinary research in geography,ecology,management and other disciplines.The research on ES supply,demand and space-time balance is the premise of effective regulation of human-earth composite system.This paper takes the core area of the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces（China）as the research area,takes the land use maps of this area in 2010,2015,and2020 as research basis and the land use type as the basic physical unit,using the matrix method proposed by Burkhard to computerize and mapping the supply and demand,and temporal and spatial changes of the balance between them,also identify the key area based on the balance of supply and demand,and propose corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to protect hotspot area and improve coldspot area.The conclusions described below:（1）The change of land use in Heritage area.From 2010 to 2020,paddy fields and forestland were major land use types in the core area of Hani Rice Terraces,accounting for more than 70%of the total area.Due to the afforestation activities in most areas,forestland continued to increase by 929.00 hectares（5.72%of total）and the land use dynamic degree is 2.52%,converted mainly from dry land,grassland,and paddy field.At the same time due to the loss of young workforce,and natural disasters such as ridge collapse and landslide,the dry land and paddy field continued to decrease by 265.69hectares（2.51%of total）and 419.14 hectares（1.51%of total）,and the land use dynamic degree is-3.47%and-1.05%.The decreased paddy field is mainly converted to forestland and dry land,and the dry land is mainly converted to forestland.（2）Spatial and temporal patterns of ES supply.Spatially,the supply capability of natural land use type is stronger than those affected by human activities.The order of land use type supply capability is as follow:forestland,paddy field,grassland,dry land,and construction land,it’s almost no supply capability in high-altitude mountain tops and other nudation lands.Temporally,the total ES supply increased with time on the overall scale,with a total increase of 3.65×10~8 from 2010 to 2020 on an overall scale,and each district also increased with time,but the supply capability of the Bibo River basin decreased by 0.24×10~8 on a watershed scale because the area of forestland in this region has decreased opposite to the overall trend,and the high ES core of the forestland affected its supply value.（3）Spatial and temporal patterns of ES demand.Spatially,the high demand area is corresponding to the populated area,the order of land type demand is as follow:construction land,forestland,paddy field,grassland,dry land,and almost no demand for nudation land.From 2010 to 2020,the total ES demands increased over time and totally increased by 2.02×10~8 in the research period.Meanwhile,the term of the Bibo River basin decreased by 0.12×10~8 in total,and the reason is the same as the supply decrease:the area of forestland continued to decrease opposite to the overall trend.（4）Spatial and temporal patterns of ES supply/demand profit and loss.Spatially,the demand for construction land is more than other land types because it’s a densely populated area.Also,other types of services in construction land areas are seriously insufficient and in a short supply,making construction land seriously in short supply too.The other land use types include forest land,paddy field,and grassland,90%of the core area is in a sustainable status of supply exceeding demand.Temporally,from 2010to 2020,the value of supply minus demand increased over time,by 1.63×10~8 in total.The supply and demand of the Bibo River basin decreased at the same time but the decreased value did not match.（5）The trade-offs between ES supply and demand and key areas identification.In the trade-offs relationship between ES supply and demand of the research area,the correlation coefficients between the various indicators of the adjustment service are generally high and have a high correlation.In the trade-off relationship between ecosystem service demand,the correlation coefficient of most services is at a low level,and only 11 pairs of service demands have a high correlation.From the analysis of the distribution of hotspot area and coldspot area,the concentrated distribution of hotpot area is in the northwest and southwest of the core area,and the coldspot area is in the urban fringe area of the core area.The area of hotspot decreased over time by 4.78%from 2010 to 2020,and the area of coldspot increased by 1.40%at the same time.Concluded from the analysis above,to protect the hotspot area,the main thing is to strengthen the protection and try to prevent the terraced area from being occupied by other land use and being converted into dry land or abandoned.For the coldspot area,to prevent the occupation of the hotspot areas by planning tourism sites reasonably and building more tourism facilities.