Water Stress In The Yellow River Basin Based On The Water-Energy-Food Nexus Relationship

Water,energy and food are basic and strategic resources for human survival and economic development,and are important themes in the research of regional sustainable development.They are interdependent and closely related.China's consumption of water,energy and grain ranks first in the world,and the link between water,energy and grain is more complex.Per capita water resources are low;The arable land area only accounts for 7%of the world's total arable land area,and the grain production accounts for 24% of the world's total grain production,but the grain consumption accounts for 27%.Energy imports are also on the rise.3 person always is in a state of more nervous,in the global population growth,environmental degradation,shortage of resources,under the background of climate change impact,water,energy and food security of coordinated development is particularly important,the growing scarcity of water resources and increasing demand of food and energy of the water-energy-food system security brought serious challenges,restricting the sustainable development of China's economic and social,so multiple causal relationship between water and energy-food high attention by governments and academia.On September 18,2019,General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a symposium in Zhengzhou,Henan Province,where he proposed a major national strategy for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin,which is crucial to China's economic and social development and ecological security.The Yellow River basin is an important energy region and a major grain-producing area in China.It is rich in land,energy and mineral resources,while the shortage of water resources has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of the basin.Driven by the national strategy of energy security and food security,the demand for water in the basin will increase,and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources will become more prominent.Therefore,it is of great practical significance to sudy the relationship between water,energy and food in the Yellow River basin.Under the major national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin,this paper takes the link between water,energy and food in the Yellow River Basin as the theme,selects relevant data from 2008 to 2018,and takes 73prefecture-level cities(prefectures and federations)in 9 provinces and regions of the Yellow River Basin as the research samples.The water consumption for energy and food(virtual water footprint and blue water footprint)were calculated by the bottom-up method to explore the regional distribution characteristics and development trends of water consumption for energy and food.Tapio decoupling model was used to analyze the relationship between energy and food water consumption,total water consumption and GDP,and to seek its spatial evolution rule.The water pressure index was established to establish the correlation between water consumption in the process of energy and food production and regional available water resources and precipitation,and the distribution characteristics and changing trend of water pressure were explored by using the gravity center model.The aim is to provide a reasonable guide for the Yellow River Basin to formulate policies needed for the coordinated development of water,energy and food,and contribute to the rational utilization of resources and coordinated economic development.This paper draws the following conclusions:(1)Both energy and grain water consumption in the Yellow River Basin showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2008 to 2018.The spatial distribution of energy water consumption and grain water consumption was significantly different.The high annual average value of energy water consumption was mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,while the high annual average value of grain water consumption was mainly concentrated in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.In terms of spatial distribution,the grain yield per unit blue water footprint was significantly different among provinces(regions),and the blue water footprint per unit grain yield in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin was significantly higher than that in the upper reaches.The water consumption of energy,green water resources of grain production and blue water resources of grain production are mainly H-H agglomeration areas.(2)The decoupling between GDP and energy and water consumption and food and water consumption is more obvious,and its development is more coordinated.The coordination relationship between total water-energy consumption and total water-food consumption is poor,but from the perspective of time series,the coordination relationship is slightly improved,but the overall situation is not optimistic.The water pressure index of the two schemes showed a trend of increasing year by year,but the results of the two schemes were quite different.The water pressure index of the first scheme was between 0.156?0.184,while the water pressure index of the second scheme was between 0.519?0.740,and the water pressure index of the second scheme was still gradually increasing in the future.In terms of spatial distribution,the water pressure situation of the provinces(regions)located in the energy base and the main grain-producing areas is relatively severe.However,for the two schemes,the first scheme shows that all provinces(regions)are in the area of low water pressure consumption,and the second scheme shows that the water pressure index has more obvious spatial differences.The total movement trend of the gravity center of the water pressure index in the two schemes is the same,and the movement direction of each time period is basically the same.Compared with scheme 2,the movement distance and range of water pressure index in scheme 1 are relatively larger.