Gender Differential In The Participation Of Basic Endowment Insurance System For Urban Employees And Its Causes

The choice of endowment insurance in China is highly correlated with the choice of labor status of the insured,and thus there will be differences in the participation rate due to differences in labor status.Through literature review and data verification,it is found that the pension insurance with the highest level of protection at the current stage has a gender difference in the participation rate.This difference has caused women's long-term pension to be seriously affected – women are more difficult to enjoy the high level of pension insurance.Faced with double harm: not only in the labor market,but also in the labor period,the low income during the labor period,and the level of protection after retirement is also low.This will not only accelerate the poverty of older women,but also the life expectancy of women is longer than that of men.China's pension insurance system has no surviving benefits.On average,widowed elderly women are more worried than widowed men.Therefore,women will be in a weaker position than men in the pension system.However,the gender difference in the participation rate has been ignored by the previous research.Therefore,this paper attempts to determine the gender difference of the employee pension insurance participation rate,and how the labor market status affects the gender difference of the insurance,and how to avoid the gender of the pension insurance participation opportunity.The difference is to ensure that every woman who is employed holds a fair old-age opportunity,and the national pension insurance policy is effectively carried out,so that the elderly women can provide a scientific basis for their later years.This paper mainly uses the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey(CLDS)2016 data for analysis.First of all,based on the literature classification and the theory of family division of labor,work conflict theory,human capital theory,economic growth,etc.,this paper determines the gender differences in the participation rate of employee pension insurance in China,and it is not completely the rate of labor participation.Caused by gender differences.Then,this paper studies the factors affecting gender differences,and divides the influencing factors into individual,family division,labor market characteristics and macroeconomic factors.Personal factors include demographic variables,and the number of children in the family division is the main dependent variable.The per capita GDP of the city level and the proportion of the tertiary industry are the main factors of economic factors,and combined with the individual's choices of labor participation,self-employment and employment,and the work department,to explore the economic variables for women to participate in employee pension insurance.The impact of each factor is broken down using the framework of Heckman and Smith(2014)multi-stage decision making.This article consists of five chapters.The first chapter is the introduction;the second chapter summarizes the literature on the gender difference and the influencing factors of pension insurance;the main content of the third chapter is the gender decomposition of the participation rate probability,and establishes the analysis framework of the chain of decision-making in the insurance policy;The paper conducts an empirical analysis,designs an estimation model of the division of labor and the economic characteristics of the employee's pension insurance system,and verifies the individual factors,family factors,labor characteristics and economic factors to the employee pension insurance participation rate through Logit regression.The impact of gender differences and the impact mechanism;the fifth chapter is policy recommendations.The study draws the following conclusions: First,there are gender differences in the participation rate of employee pension insurance in urban areas and employment groups of enterprises and institutions.Second,the division of labor has an impact on male and female participation,but the degree of influence is different: for men,married to promote male employment,but the greater the number of children will inhibit male participation;for women,marital status for female employment The impact of the insurance is not significant,but the greater the number of children,the more it will inhibit the participation,and the degree of inhibition is stronger than that of men.Third,the higher the level of economic development,the smaller the gender difference in the participation rate of employee pension insurance.Fourth,the higher the level of education,the more positive impact on male and female participation,the greater the impact on women,and the significant positive impact on participation in work,employment,and choice of unit types.The policy implications of this study are to demonstrate the impact of family division and economic factors on female participation rates,and the research framework includes both the impact of employment rates already discussed in the study,as well as employer choices,unit type selection,and under each unit.The impact of the participation in the insurance,the existing gender differences in the participation rate study is not covered.Therefore,this paper suggests that the pension system should adapt to the family division mechanism to set up survivors' plans,and increase the participation of women's pension insurance from standardizing labor market employment mechanisms and increasing female human capital investment.The innovation of the research lies in: First,unlike the previous literature,which only focuses on the gender difference in pension treatment,this paper points out the neglected problem of gender differences in employee pension insurance participation.Second,this paper combines the choice of the state of the labor market,divides the decision to participate in the multi-step,and decomposes the influencing factors.